A reconfigurable cognitive computation matrix (RCCM) in static random access memory (SRAM) suitable for sensor edge applications is proposed in this article. The proposed RCCM can take multiple ...analog currents or digital integers as the input vector and perform vector-matrix multiplication with a weight integer matrix. The RCCM can carry out 1-quadrant, 2-quadrant, or 4-quadrant multiplications in the analog domain. Therefore, the digital integers for the inputs or weights stored in the SRAM can be either signed or unsigned, providing extensive usage flexibilities. Furthermore, three commonly used activation functions (AFs), the rectified linear unit (ReLU), radial basis function (RBF), and logistic function are available, converting multiply-accumulation outputs to single-ended currents as the computation results. The resultant output currents can be adopted as the input currents of other RCCMs to facilitate multiple-layer network implementation. A concept-proving prototype chip, including a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">16\ttimes16</tex-math> </inline-formula> RCCM with 4-bit input and weight resolutions, is designed and fabricated in a 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\um</tex-math> </inline-formula> CMOS process. The computation accuracy that is deteriorated by process variation can be significantly improved by adopting 48 mismatch parameters after calibration. A handwritten digit recognition database, MNIST, is employed to evaluate the chip performance, achieving an average efficiency of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">3.355~\TOPSperW</tex-math> </inline-formula>.
The interaction between microplastics (MPs) and cadmium (Cd) poses a threat to agricultural soil environments, and their effects on plant growth and rhizosphere microbial community functions are not ...yet clear. In this study, energy sorghum was used as a test plant to investigate the effects of two types of MPs, polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE), at different particle sizes (13 μm, 550 μm) and concentrations (0.1%, 1% w/w), and Cd, as well as their interactions, on the growth of sorghum in a soil-cultivation pot experiment. The results showed that the combined effects of MP and Cd pollution on the dry weight and Cd accumulation rate in sorghum varied depending on the type, concentration, and particle size of the MPs, with an overall trend of increasing stress from combined pollution with increasing Cd content and accumulation. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that combined MP and Cd pollution increased bacterial diversity, and the most significant increase was observed in the abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE), Shannon, and Sobs indices in the 13 μm 1% PS+Cd treatment group. Metagenomic analysis based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathways revealed that 19 groups of metabolic pathways, including microbial metabolism and methane metabolism, differed significantly under combined MP and Cd pollution. Hierarchical clustering results indicated that Cd treatment and combined MP and Cd treatment affected the abundances of sorghum rhizosphere soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling genes and that the type of MP present was an important factor affecting N and P cycling genes. The results of this study provide a basis for exploring the toxic effects of combined MP and Cd pollution and for conducting soil environmental risk assessments.
Display omitted
•Combined MP and Cd treatment tended to increase stress in sorghum plants.•Combined MP and Cd treatment increased Cd content and accumulation in sorghum.•Metagenomic analysis was used to determine the effects of combined MP and Cd treatment on rhizosphere microbial functions.•Combined MP and Cd treatment changed rhizosphere bacterial diversity and community composition.•Combined MP and Cd treatment altered microbial functions.
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a rodent-borne disease caused by many serotypes of hantaviruses. In China, HFRS has been recognized as a severe public health problem with 90% of the ...total reported cases in the world. This study describes the spatiotemporal dynamics of HFRS cases in China and identifies the regions, time, and populations at highest risk, which could help the planning and implementation of key preventative measures.
Data on all reported HFRS cases at the county level from January 2005 to December 2012 were collected from Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Geographic Information System-based spatiotemporal analyses including Local Indicators of Spatial Association and Kulldorff's space-time scan statistic were performed to detect local high-risk space-time clusters of HFRS in China. In addition, cases from high-risk and low-risk counties were compared to identify significant demographic differences.
A total of 100,868 cases were reported during 2005-2012 in mainland China. There were significant variations in the spatiotemporal dynamics of HFRS. HFRS cases occurred most frequently in June, November, and December. There was a significant positive spatial autocorrelation of HFRS incidence during the study periods, with Moran's I values ranging from 0.46 to 0.56 (P<0.05). Several distinct HFRS cluster areas were identified, mainly concentrated in northeastern, central, and eastern of China. Compared with cases from low-risk areas, a higher proportion of cases were younger, non-farmer, and floating residents in high-risk counties.
This study identified significant space-time clusters of HFRS in China during 2005-2012 indicating that preventative strategies for HFRS should be particularly focused on the northeastern, central, and eastern of China to achieve the most cost-effective outcomes.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Social isolation and loneliness have emerged as important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, particularly during the coronavirus disease pandemic. However, it is unclear whether social ...isolation and loneliness had independent and joint associations with incident heart failure (HF).
This study sought to examine the association of social isolation, loneliness, and their combination with incident HF.
The UK Biobank study is a population-based cohort study. Social isolation and loneliness were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. HF cases were identified by linking hospital records and death registries. The weighted polygenic risk score associated with HF was calculated.
Among the 464,773 participants (mean age: 56.5 ± 8.1 years, 45.3% male), 12,898 incident HF cases were documented during a median follow-up of 12.3 years. Social isolation (most vs least: adjusted HR: 1.17; 95% CI:1.11-1.23) and loneliness (yes vs no: adjusted HR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.11-1.27) were significantly associated with an increased risk of incident HF. The association between an elevated risk of HF and social isolation was modified by loneliness (Pinteraction = 0.034). A gradient of association between social isolation and the risk of incident HF was found only among individuals without loneliness (Ptrend < 0.001), but not among those with loneliness (Ptrend = 0.829). These associations were independent of the genetic risk of HF.
Social isolation and loneliness were independently associated with a higher likelihood of incident HF regardless of genetic risk. The association between social isolation and incident HF was potentially modified by loneliness status.
Display omitted
The kidney is vulnerable to hypoxia-induced injury. One of the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon is cell apoptosis triggered by hypoxia-inducible factor-1-alpha (HIF-1α) activation. MicroRNA-210 ...(miR-210) is known to be induced by HIF-1α and can regulate various pathological processes, but its role in hypoxic kidney injury remains unclear. Here, in both kinds of rat systemic hypoxia and local kidney hypoxia models, we found miR-210 levels were upregulated significantly in injured kidney, especially in renal tubular cells. A similar increase was observed in hypoxia-treated human renal tubular HK-2 cells. We also verified that miR-210 can directly suppress HIF-1α expression by targeting the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of HIF-1α mRNA in HK-2 cells in severe hypoxia. Accordingly, miR-210 overexpression caused significant inhibition of the HIF-1α pathway and attenuated apoptosis caused by hypoxia, while miR-210 knockdown exerted the opposite effect. Taken together, our findings verify that miR-210 is involved in the molecular response in hypoxic kidney lesions
and attenuates hypoxia-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis by targeting HIF-1α directly and suppressing HIF-1α pathway activation
.
Evolution of terrestrial infauna in the Early Triassic enables to understand terrestrial biotic recovery after the end‐Permian mass extinction (EPME). Six ichnospecies in two ichnogenera, including ...Skolithos linearis, S. verticalis, S. annulatus, S. isp., Planolites montanus, and P. beverleyensis, were recognized from the Lower Triassic Liujiagou Formation (Induan Stage) and Heshanggou Formation (Olenekian Stage) in the Baiping section of the Dengfeng area, North China. The ichno‐ecological analyses of ichno‐taxonomic abundance, ichnodiversity, bioturbation index, burrow size, and tiering level revealed that terrestrial infauna expanded from epibenthic to endobenthic through the Early Triassic. The tiering deepening suggested that tracemakers gradually began to excavate into the sediments instead of moving on the microbial mats, indicating that the burrowing capability of trace‐making animals has recovered in the Olenekian. Four types of sedimentary substrates were summarized: non‐bioturbated matground, matground with bioturbated patches, weakly bioturbated mixed ground, and moderately bioturbated mixed ground. Occurrence of the substrate of mixed ground may be a sign of the initial recovery of the terrestrial ecosystem after the EPME.
Six ichnospecies in two ichnogenera, including Skolithos linearis, S. verticalis, S. annulatus, S. isp., Planolites montanus, and P. beverleyensis, were recognized from the Lower Triassic Liujiagou Formation and Heshanggou Formation in North China. The ichno‐ecological analyses revealed that terrestrial infauna expanded from epibenthic to endobenthic through the Early Triassic. Four types of sedimentary substrates were summarised: nonbioturbated matground, matground with bioturbated patches, weakly bioturbated mixed ground, and moderately bioturbated mixed ground. Occurrence of the substrate of mixed ground may be a sign of the initial recovery of the terrestrial ecosystem after the EPME.
The efficient utilization of industrial solid waste not only reduces environmental pollution, but also increases economic benefit. In this study, a Ni-based ZSM-5 zeolite/porous carbon composite ...(Ni10%@ZSM-5/PC) was prepared from coal gasification fine slag and used for upgrading petroleum ether-extractable portion (PEEP) from coal tar residue. PEEP yield is 70.1%. According to the detection with a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, PEEP consists of O-containing organic compounds (37.0%), arenes (32.0%), chain alkanes (27.2%), alkenes (1.8%), N-containing organic compounds (0.8%), and S-containing organic compounds (1.0%). The catalytic hydroconversion (CHC) of PEEP was carried out under 5 MPa initial hydrogen pressure at 160 °C for 24 h . The hydroconverted PEEP is mainly composed of chain alkanes (45.1 %), cyclanes (33.7 %), hydroarenes (16.9 %), and alkenes (4.4 %). The strong Brønsted acid sites and uniformly dispersed Ni nanoparticles (NNPs) in Ni10%@ZSM-5/PC play important roles in aromatic ring (AR) hydrogenation and heteroatom removal. According to the CHC of benzyloxybenzene (BOB), Ni10%@ZSM-5/PC could activate H2 to diatomic active hydrogen (H···H)by NNPs and release H+, leading >C-O- cleavage and AR hydrogenation.
•A Ni based ZSM-5/PC composite material can be prepared from CGFS.•Ni10 %@ZSM-5/PC has excellent hydroconversion activity under mild conditions.•The synergic transfer of H···H and H+ can effectively hydrogenate ARs and cleave the >C-O- bridged bonds.•After CHC, cyclanes and CAs are dominating in PEEPC, the relative content of CAs increased by 17.9 %.
To examine the association between absolute humidity (AH) and influenza and pneumonia (P&I) mortality, and to quantify P&I mortality burden attributable to non-optimum AHs among elderly people aged ...≥65 years in Chongqing, the largest municipality of China.
Daily data of P&I mortality from 2012 to 2018, and the contemporaneous meteorological data in the study area were collected. Distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was applied to estimate the non-linear and delayed effects of absolute humidity (AH) on P&I mortality. Then, attributable deaths were calculated for the dry and moist AH, defined as AH below and above the minimum mortality AH (MMAH), respectively. Moderate and extreme AHs were defined using cutoffs at the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of AH.
The relationship between AH and P&I mortality was a U-shaped curve. The MMAH was 11.5 g/m3 (46.4th percentile). In total, 25.7% (95% confidence interval: 10.0–38.2) of P&I mortality (4673 deaths) was attributed to non-optimum AHs. Low AHs were responsible for 12.7% of the P&I death burden (95%CI: 0.2–20.1), while high AHs for 13.0% (95%CI: −9.4–25.7). Extreme low and high AHs accounted for 3.7% (95%CI: 0.1–6.8) and 3.0% (95%CI: 0–5.4) of P&I mortality.
Our study showed that both low AHs and high AHs are responsible for considerable AH-related P&I mortality burden among elderly people. Our results may have important public health implications for the development of relevant intervention policies to reduce P&I deaths among the elderly.
Display omitted
•Absolute humidity (AH) has a significant impact on influenza and pneumonia (P&I) mortality among elderly people.•The relationship between AH and P&I mortality showed a U-shaped curve.•Approximately a quarter of P&I mortality (25.7%) was attributed to non-optimum AHs.
Display omitted
•Mulliken charge distribution difference affects the adsorption of H+ and H·.•AR hydrogenation and *Cal–O– bond cleavage dominated the CHC early stage.•Lowering temperature is ...favorable for cracking >Car–O– under certain conditions.•Sufficient H+ release facilitates the direct dehydroxylation and dehydration.
This paper focused on the complementary advantages of density functional theory (DFT) calculation and catalytic reaction regulation. Based on the effective identification of intermediates, the possible catalytic hydroconversion (CHC) pathways of lignite-derived aryl ethers over Ni/mordenite were discussed. Bond dissociation energy (BDE) calculations of >C–O– bonds in different substrates and intermediates show that BDEs of >Car–O– bonds are generally higher than those of >Cal–O– bonds, and there is obvious electron aggregation near O atoms. Mulliken charge distribution analyses of different atomic sites further revealed the possible adsorption sites of active hydrogen, especially H· and H+. Possible cleavage pathways were further speculated by evaluating the stability of different leaving groups. In the early stage of CHC, aromatic ring hydrogenation and >Cal–O– bond cleavage dominate, rather than >Car–O– bond cleavage. Enthalpy change analyses combined with the CHC of real substrates further indicate that lowering temperature is beneficial to the cleavage of >Car–O– bonds under the premise of inhibiting H···H transfer and obtaining H· effectively. Appropriately increasing the support acidity to ensure sufficient H+ release is conducive to >Cal–O– bond cleavage, especially direct dehydroxylation/dehydration. The analysis of synergetic transfer pathways of active hydrogen during the CHC provides theoretical guidance for the pathway optimization of converting lignite into high-quality clean liquid fuels.
A novel ionic bi-functional ligand of L2 containing a phosphine and a Lewis acidic phosphonium with I super(-) as the counter-anion was prepared and fully characterized. The molecular structure ...indicated that the bi-functionalities in L2 were well retained without the incompatibility problem for quenching of the acidity of the phosphonium cation by the Lewis basic phosphine fragment or the anionic I super(-) when the incorporated phosphine fragment and the Lewis acidic phosphonium were strictly located in the confined cis-positions. The co-catalysis over L2-Rh(acac)(CO) sub(2) in the ways of synergetic catalysis and sequential catalysis was successfully fulfilled for one-pot hydroformylation-acetalization, which proved not to be the result of the simple mixture of the mono-phosphine (L4) and the phosphonium salt (L4'). In L2, the phosphonium not only acted as a Lewis acid organocatalyst to drive the sequential acetalization of aldehydes, but also contributed to the synergetic catalysis for the preceding hydroformylation through stabilizing the Rh-acyl intermediate with the phosphine cooperatively. The L2-Rh(acac)(CO) sub(2) system is also generally applied to hydroformylation-acetalization of a wide range of olefins in different alcohols. Advantageously, as an ionic phosphonium-based ligand, L2 could be recycled for 7 runs with Rh(acac)(CO) sub(2) together in RTIL of BmimBF sub(4) without obvious activity loss or metal leaching.
PDF
