Cytokines, the main players in the cytokine storm, can act as immunomodulators regulating inflammatory responses. S. baicalensis active components (SBACs) can act directly on immune cells such as ...lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, and neutrophils, and inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines and alleviate inflammatory damage to organ tissues. “→”, promotion; “▪”, inhibition.
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•Infection-associated cytokine storms can readily lead to organ failure or death.•The bioactive substances of S. baicalensis act directly on multiple immune cells.•The bioactive substances inhibit the production of diverse inflammatory cytokines.•The immunomodulatory mechanisms include multiple inflammatory signaling pathways.•S. baicalensis active components are potential drugs for cytokine storm treatment.
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi., a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine, has multiple biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects, and can be used to treat respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, colitis, hepatitis, and allergic diseases. The main active substances of S. baicalensis, baicalein, baicalin, wogonin, wogonoside, and oroxylin A, can act directly on immune cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, and neutrophils, and inhibit the production of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, and other inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and reactive oxygen species. The molecular mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of the active compounds of S. baicalensis include downregulation of toll-like receptors, activation of the Nrf2 and PPAR signaling pathways, and inhibition of the nuclear thioredoxin system and inflammation-associated pathways such as those of MAPK, Akt, NFκB, and JAK-STAT. Given that in addition to the downregulation of cytokine production, the active constituents of S. baicalensis also have antiviral and antibacterial effects, they may be more promising candidate therapeutics for the prevention of infection-related cytokine storms than are drugs having only antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory activities.
Cancer will soon become the leading cause of death in every country in the twenty-first century. This study aimed to analyze the mortality and morbidity of 29 types of cancer in 204 countries or ...regions from 1990 to 2019 to guide global cancer prevention and control.
Detailed information for 29 cancer groups was collected from the Global Burden of Disease Study in 2019. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized death rate (ASDR) of the 29 cancer groups were calculated based on sex, age, region, and country. In addition, separate analyses were performed for major cancer types.
In 2019, more than 10 million people died from cancer, which was approximately twice the number in 1990. Tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancers collectively showed the highest death rate, and the ASDR of pancreatic cancer increased by 24%, which was cancer with the highest case fatality rate (CFR). The global cancer ASIR showed an increasing trend, with testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, and malignant skin melanoma showing a significant increase. The ASDR and ASIR of cancer in males were about 1.5 times higher than that in females. Individuals over 50 years had the highest risk of developing cancer, with incidences and deaths in this age group accounting for more than 85% of cancers in all age groups. Asia has the heaviest cancer burden due to its high population density, with esophageal cancer in this region accounting for 53% of the total fatalities related to this type of cancer in the world. In addition, the mortality and morbidity of most cancers increased with the increase in the development or socio-demographic index (SDI) in the SDI regions based on the World Bank's Human Development Index (HDI), with cancer characteristics varying in the different countries globally.
The global cancer burden continues to increase, with substantial mortality and morbidity differences among the different regions, ages, countries, gender, and cancer types. Effective and locally tailored cancer prevention and control measures are essential in reducing the global cancer burden in the future.
The removal of NO has always been a hot issue in the treatment of coal-fired flue gas. In this paper, a hydrothermal synthesis method was used to prepare porous denitration catalysts with ...polycarboxyl organic isomers (trimellitic acid, phthalic acid, and benzoic acid). And then developed as the NO removing catalysts for low temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with NH3. XRD, BET, SEM, FTIR, XPS, Raman, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD and TG were used to analyze the crystallinity, microscopic morphology, surface functional groups and metal content. The results showed that: (1) From the crystal structure analysis, the catalyst prepared with 1,3,5 and 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid as ligands (1,3,5-A and 1,2,4-B) was Cu-BTC. (2) 1,3,5-A catalyst had a huge specific surface area, up to 1421.32 m2/g, and a pore volume up to 0.5798 cm3/g. (3) The prepared catalysts were applied to NH3-SCR denitration, and the catalyst with Cu-BTC structure had relatively high catalytic performance, and the overall catalytic capacity showed an increasing trend with the temperature. (4) 1,3,5-A catalyst had stability and catalytic activity. When the temperature was 270 °C, the denitration efficiency reached 83.87%. And within 8 h, the denitration efficiency was stable up to 82%.
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•Different carboxylic acid ligands form different catalyst structures.•Cu-BTC can be used as catalyst in denitration.•Cu-BTC has the best structure under 1,3,5-trimellitic acid.•Cu2+ participates in the removal of NO, and part of Cu2+ is converted to Cu+.
•Cu-BTC can be successfully synthesized by room-temperature hydrothermal.•Cu-BTC can be used as catalyst in denitration.•Cu-BTC has the best structure under 30 h.•Cu-BTC-30 h catalyst has a high ...Oα/(Oα+Oß).•Cu+ and Cu0 react with the active species to re-convert to Cu2+.
In this paper, the room temperature hydrothermal synthesis method was used instead of the traditional solvothermal synthesis method to successfully prepare Cu-BTC, the growth of Cu-BTC was studied, and it was successfully applied to SCR flue gas denitration. The physic-chemical properties of catalyst samples were characterized by multiple techniques, such as SEM, XRD, FTIR, XPS and BET. The results showed that: (1) Cu-BTC prepared at different reaction times maintained its unique hexagonal prism crystal structure. As the reaction time increased, the purity and specific surface area of Cu-BTC gradually increased, up to 1521.320 m2/g. (2) Cu-BTC-30 h catalyst had a high Oα/(Oα+Oß) ratio and could act as an electron acceptor to react with NO. The surface of the catalyst contained two valence state (Cu2+ and Cu+), and Cu2+ was dominant. (3) As the preparation time of the catalyst increased, the denitration also increased. When the preparation time was 30 h, the denitration rate reached the highest at 270 °C, which was as high as 90.36%.
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Cancer has become the second most serious disease threatening human health, followed by cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to quantitatively estimate the mortality, morbidity, and analyze the ...trends of 29 cancer groups in 195 countries/regions between 1990 and 2017.
Detailed information of 29 cancer groups were collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study in 2017 and age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) and age-standardized death rates (ASDR) of 29 cancer groups were calculated based on gender, age, region, and country. Trend analyses were conducted for major cancer types.
In 2017, the global death population caused by cancer reached 9 million, which was nearly twice the number in 1990. The ASDR and ASIR of cancer in males were about 1.5 times those of females. Breast cancer showed the highest mortality rate in females in 2017. Individuals aged over 50 are at high risk of developing cancer and the number of cases and deaths in this age group accounted for more than 80% of all cancers in all age groups. Asia has the heaviest cancer burden due to its large population density. Different cancers in varied countries globally have their own characteristics. The ASDR and ASIR of some major cancers demonstrated changes from 1990 to 2017.
Analyses of these data provided basis for future investigations to the common etiological factors, leading to the occurrence of different cancers, the development of prevention strategies based on local characteristics, socioeconomic and other conditions, and the formulation of more targeted interventions.
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•Cu-Ce-BTC-Cl is an excellent catalyst for synergistic denitration and mercury removal.•Halogen modified catalytic activity effect: Cl > Br > I.•Covalent C-Cl can effectively capture ...Hg0.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and mercury (Hg0) produced from coal combustion are harmful to atmospheric environment. Therefore, the development of high-performance SCR denitration synergistic mercury removal catalysts has practical significance. In this study, a series of halogen-modified Cu-Ce-BTC were synthesized. The structural properties were characterized by SEM-EDS, XRD, FTIR, Raman, BET, XPS, and the synergistic denitration and mercury removal performance were investigated. The results show that, before and after modification, the catalyst still maintain original physical and chemical properties, with the appearance of C-X (Cl, Br, I), indicating that the successful incorporation of halogens into Cu-Ce-BTC. The performance was examined through NH3-SCR, the catalytic activityis followed the order: Cl > Br > I. When Cl was 7%, the removal rates of NO and Hg0 reached 96.19% and 84.64% at 240 ℃. O2 had a significant promoting effect on NO and Hg0 removal. NO had a minor influence·NH3 facilitated NO removal and inhibited Hg0 removal. SO2 and H2O had a certain inhibitory effect on NO and Hg0 removal, with H2O showing a more pronounced inhibitory effect.
In this study, the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) land surface temperature (LST) environmental data record (EDR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) L2 swath ...LST products (collection 5) from both the Terra and Aqua satellites were evaluated against ground observations in an arid area of northwest China during the Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (HiWATER) experiment. Four barren surface sites were chosen for the evaluation, which took place from June 2012 to April 2013. The results show that the current VIIRS LST products demonstrate a reasonable accuracy, with an average bias of 0.36K and −0.58K and an average root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.74K and 1.48K for the four sites during daytime and nighttime, respectively. The accuracy of the nighttime LST is much better than that of daytime. Furthermore, it was also found that the VIIRS split-window (SW) algorithm provides better performance than the VIIRS dual split-window (DSW) algorithm during both daytime and nighttime. For MODIS LST products, the results show that both Terra and Aqua MODIS C5 LST products underestimate the LST for the four barren surface sites at daytime, and the biases and RMSEs are much larger for Aqua, with biases varies from −0.91K to −3.13K for Terra and from −1.31K to −3.76K for Aqua.
•Evaluated VIIRS and C5 MODIS LST products at barren surface sites.•Current VIIRS LST products demonstrate a reasonable accuracy.•VIIRS split-window algorithm performs better than dual split-window algorithm.•Terra and Aqua C5 MODIS LST products underestimate the LST at daytime.
With the development of the urban sewage treatment industry, the sludge output has increased year by year, and it has the characteristics of large output and high organic content, and has great ...potential for resource recovery. However, the biodegradability of sludge is poor, resulting in low added value of resource products. Therefore, it is necessary to treat sludge efficiently and improve the utilization. Based on this, the effects on sludge characteristics and acid-producing fermentation were investigated, and optimal conditions were determined by response surface method. The results showed that: The optimal conditions for experimental optimization are rhamnolipid (RL: 40 mg/gVS) alkali (Alk: 35 mg/gVS), heat: 80 °C. Response surface design optimization results are RL (28.44 mg/gVS), NaOH (35 mg/gVS), heat: 80 °C. In the process of RL-Alk-Heat pretreatment, the organic matter dissolution is Heat > Alk. Also, RL, Alk and Heat all promoted the content of fluorescent substances. From the results of the optimal combination verification test, it showed that SC (Soluble carbohydrate) and SP (Soluble protein) increase. Among them, three-factor treatment is higher than two-factor treatment than single-factor treatment.
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•Simulate sludge organic matter and optimize process conditions.•In the dissolution of organic matter, the effect of temperature is greater than that of alkali.•Under optimal conditions: SCOD dissolution: 5657.88 mg/L, rate: 20.02%.•RL, alkali and heat can promote sludge disintegration.•RL, alkali and heat can promote acid production by sludge fermentation.
Library data contains many students' reading records that reflect their general knowledge acquisition. The purpose of this study is to deeply mine the library book-borrowing data, with concerns on ...different book catalogues and properties to predict the students' extracurricular interests. An intelligent computing framework is proposed by the fusion of a neural network architecture and a partial differential equations (PDE) function module. In model designs, the architecture is constructed as an adaptive learning backpropagation neural network (BPNN), with automatic tuning of its hyperparameters. The PDE module is embedded into the network structure to enhance the loss functions of each neural perceptron. For model evaluation, a novel comprehensive index is designed using the calculus of information entropy. Empirical experiments are conducted on a diverse and multimodal time-series dataset of library book borrowing records to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Results validate that the proposed framework is capable of revealing the students' extracurricular reading interests by processing related book borrowing records, and expected to be applied to "big data" analysis for a wide range of various libraries.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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