Neural Trojans Yuntao Liu; Yang Xie; Srivastava, Ankur
2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD),
2017-Nov.
Conference Proceeding
While neural networks demonstrate stronger capabilities in pattern recognition nowadays, they are also becoming larger and deeper. As a result, the effort needed to train a network also increases ...dramatically. In many cases, it is more practical to use a neural network intellectual property (IP) that an IP vendor has already trained. As we do not know about the training process, there can be security threats in the neural IP: the IP vendor (attacker) may embed hidden malicious functionality, i.e neural Trojans, into the neural IP. We show that this is an effective attack and provide three mitigation techniques: input anomaly detection, re-training, and input preprocessing. All the techniques are proven effective. The input anomaly detection approach is able to detect 99.8% of Trojan triggers although with 12.2% false positive. The re-training approach is able to prevent 94.1% of Trojan triggers from triggering the Trojan although it requires that the neural IP be reconfigurable. In the input preprocessing approach, 90.2% of Trojan triggers are rendered ineffective and no assumption about the neural IP is needed.
•Microwave-ultrasonic assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction (MUAAEE) is developed to extract tiger nut oil.•MUAAEE is optimized by a Plackett-Burman design followed a Box-Behnken ...design.•Physicochemical properties of Oil by MUAAEE are similar to those of Soxhlet extraction (SE).•The quality of oil by MUAAEE is superior to that of oil by SE.•SEM reveals that MUAAEE facilitates the oil release by damaging the cell structure.
Microwave-ultrasonic assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction (MUAAEE) was applied to extract tiger nut oil (TNO). The conditions of MUAAEE were optimized by Plackett-Burman design followed Box-Behnken design. An oil recovery of 85.23% was achieved under optimum conditions of a 2% concentration of mixed enzyme including cellulase, pectinase and hemicellulase (1/1/1, w/w/w), particle size <600 μm, microwave power 300 W, ultrasonic power 460 W, radiation temperature 40 °C, time 30 min, enzymolysis temperature 45 °C, pH 4.9, liquid-to-solid ratio 10 mL/g and time 180 min. Oil by MUAAEE revealed the similar fatty acid compositions, triglyceride compositions, thermal behaviour and flavour compared with oil by Soxhlet extraction (SE), while the oil quality of MUAAEE is superior to that of SE. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that structural disruption of tiger nut caused by MUAAEE facilitated the oil extraction. Results suggest that MUAAEE could be an efficient and environment-friendly method for extraction of TNO.
Single-cell multi-omics (scMulti-omics) allows the quantification of multiple modalities simultaneously to capture the intricacy of complex molecular mechanisms and cellular heterogeneity. Existing ...tools cannot effectively infer the active biological networks in diverse cell types and the response of these networks to external stimuli. Here we present DeepMAPS for biological network inference from scMulti-omics. It models scMulti-omics in a heterogeneous graph and learns relations among cells and genes within both local and global contexts in a robust manner using a multi-head graph transformer. Benchmarking results indicate DeepMAPS performs better than existing tools in cell clustering and biological network construction. It also showcases competitive capability in deriving cell-type-specific biological networks in lung tumor leukocyte CITE-seq data and matched diffuse small lymphocytic lymphoma scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq data. In addition, we deploy a DeepMAPS webserver equipped with multiple functionalities and visualizations to improve the usability and reproducibility of scMulti-omics data analysis.
The promise of strong physical unclonable functions (PUF) is to utilize the manufacturing variations of circuit elements to produce an independent and unpredictable response to any input challenge ...vector. Attacks on PUFs that predict the responses to input challenge vectors offer an interesting research problem. An attacking approach based on the optimization theory and side-channel information is proposed where we estimate the manufacturing variations of the circuit elements and predict the PUF's responses to challenge vectors whose actual responses are not known. We apply this attacking approach on some popular PUF designs, including the Arbiter PUFs, the Memristor Crossbar PUFs, and the XOR Arbiter PUFs. Simulations show a substantial reduction in attack complexity compared with previously proposed machine-learning (ML)-based attacks: we achieve an average reduction of 66% in attack time compared with the ML approach. Despite some overhead, our approach is also applicable when the PUF responses are noisy.
► Lysozyme was purified from egg white by superparamagnetic nanoparticles. ► In vitro digest of lysozyme exhibited ACE inhibitory and antioxidative potencies. ► Ultrafiltration improved the ...antioxidative activity of the final hydrolysate LPH2. ► Thirty-eight peptides in the LPH2–3kDa were identified by UPLC-MALDI-TOF-TOF MS. ► The identified peptides RGY, WIR and VAW were found to be dual-functional activities.
Lysozyme from hen egg white is a well-known antimicrobial protein with high ratio of hydrophobic and positively charged amino acid residues. In order to explore functional bioactivities of enzymatic hydrolysates of lysozyme, the protein was subjected to a simulated gastrointestinal digestion and the resulting hydrolysate (LPH2) showed a strong competitive angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity (IC50=12.6μg/ml) and a remarkable antioxidant activity. The LPH2 was fractionated using a 3kDa cut-off membrane and the obtained permeate LPH2–3kDa was analysed by MALDI-TOF-TOF MS. Using this technology, 38 different peptides were identified and some of these peptides were well fit with structure requirements of ACE inhibitory peptides and/or antioxidant peptides. The findings from this study suggest that the protein containing high proportion of hydrophobic and positively charged residues have the potential to generate multifunctional peptides, and these peptides would be beneficial ingredient to be used in functional foods.
The effect of diet on skin aging has become an interesting research topic. Previous studies have mostly focused on the beneficial effects of collagen peptides derived from marine organisms on the ...aging skin when administered orally, while the beneficial effects of collagen peptides derived from poultry on aging skin have been rarely reported. In this study, collagen peptides were prepared from chicken bone by enzymatic hydrolysis, and the effect and mechanism of action of orally administered collagen peptides on alleviating skin aging induced by UV combined with D-galactose were investigated. The results showed that the chicken bone collagen had typical characteristics of collagen, and the chicken bone collagen peptides (CPs) were mainly small molecular peptides with a molecular weight of <3000 Da. In vivo experiments showed that CPs had a significant relieving effect on aging skin, indicated by the changes in the compostion and structure of the aging skin, improvement of skin antioxidant level, and inhibition of inflammation; the relieving effect was positively correlated with the dose of CPs. Further investigation showed that CPs first reduce the level of skin oxidation, inhibit the expression of the key transcription factor AP-1 (c-Jun and c-Fos), then activate the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway to promote collagen synthesis, inhibit the expression of MMP-1/3 to inhibit collagen degradation, and inhibit skin inflammation to alleviate skin aging in mice. Moreover, the skin transcriptome found that lysosomes activated after oral administration of CPs may be an important pathway for CPs in anti-skin aging, and is worthy of further research. These results suggested that CPs might be used as a functional anti-aging nutritional component.
•Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) was used to extract Sapindus mukorossi seed oil.•The operative conditions were optimized using a Box-Behnken design.•MAE does not change the fatty acid profiles ...and triglyceride profiles of the oil.•Acid value and peroxide value of oil obtained by MAE were lower than those of SE.•MAE is a high efficient, energy-saving and eco-benign method.
To improve the extraction efficiency and quality, microwave assisted extraction (MAE) method was proposed for separating oil from Sapindus mukorossi seed and compared with Soxhlet extraction (SE). The optimal condition of MAE obtained by Box-Behnken design was the mixed solvent of n-hexane and ethanol (4:1, v/v) as extraction solvent, microwave power 460 W, solvent to material ratio 8 mL/g, extraction temperature 72℃ and time 42 min. Under optimum conditions, the oil yield of 40.12 % was achieved, which was similar to that (40.63 %) of SE. All the oils shown similar fatty acid profiles, triglyceride profiles and thermal behavior. But the oil by MAE had better quality than that of SE, especially on low acid value and peroxide value. Additionally, solvent to material ratio, extraction time, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission of MAE were lower than those of SE. It was shown from observation with a scanning electron microscopy that the structure of raw materials was destroyed by microwave treatment, which promoted the rapid extraction of oil. Overall, the results from this study suggest that MAE is an efficient and eco-benign method to extract oil from Sapindus mukorossi seed.
•CVPs have wide range of molecular weight and mainly composed of α-d-Glucopyranose.•CVPs show high hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties in diabetic mice.•CVPs show protective effect on related ...tissues by pathological histology.•CVPs with high dose are safe for normal mice.
It is the first time to extract polysaccharides (CVPs) from Catathelasma ventricosum. The antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of CVPs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were examined. Compared with untreated diabetic mice, the administration of CVPs for 30days caused a significant decrease in the concentrations of blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and maleic dialdehyde (MDA), and a significant increase in the concentrations of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Specially, when normal mice were treated with CVPs, all detection indexes and pathologic morphologies of liver, kidney and pancreas are similar to untreated normal mice, which indicated CVPs are safe for normal mice. In addition, the average molecular weight of CVPs was estimated to be from 3.7×103 to 1.7×107Da and they were mainly composed of glucose (93.5%) with the conformation of α-d-Glucopyranose.
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•The relationship of macrophages activity and atherosclerosis is showed.•NLRP3 and immune checkpoints related to macrophages in atherosclerosis are hot topics.•Chinese herbal drugs ...show a great potential in atherosclerosis via macrophage actions.
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the main cause of ischemic cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular diseases. Macrophage activity has been proven to play a critical role during the AS pathological process, which involves the adhesion, aggregation of mononuclear-macrophages, cell differentiation of M1/M2 macrophages as part of complex mechanisms occurring during lipid metabolism, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation and immune reaction. Therefore, the development of effective AS treatments is likely to target macrophage activity. Certain herbal extracts (such as Salvia miltiorrhiza) have exhibited enormous potential for AS treatment in the past. Here, we aim to provide a summary on the current understanding of the type of action and the underlying target/pathway in macrophage regulation of certain herbal extracts used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for treatment of AS.
This paper investigated the 3D printing feasibility of rice (waxy rice, japonica rice, indica rice) paste and the effect of sodium alginate (SA) added at concentrations (0, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, ...1.00%, w/w, dry rice flour basis) on the physicochemical and structural characteristics of rice paste. Results showed that rice paste incorporated with SA exhibited shear-thinning behavior so that it can be used as ideal material for 3D printing. The viscosity, degree of bound water and mechanical strength of rice paste increased with increasing addition of SA. When SA concentration was 0.50%, the 3D printed japonica rice product (3DJP3) provided the best printability and highest precision, followed by waxy rice product (3DWP3) and indica rice product (3DIP3). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that more convolutions were induced in the 3D printed rice products upon the addition of SA, which increased the products stability. It was a further proof that 3DJP3 and 3DIP3 still maintained good structure and precision after steaming. However, 3DWP3 has swollen after steaming due to the highest amylopectin content of waxy rice and showed the worst shape fidelity. Overall, SA could be functioned as proper additives for 3D rice products, and the food matrix of proper types of rice and SA could be promising materials for 3D printing.
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•Sodium alginate (SA) functioned as structural modifier in 3D printing of rice foods.•Waxy, japonica and indica rice paste all achieved best printability at 0.50% SA.•3D waxy rice products after steaming have swollen due to high amylopectin content.
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