Abstract Introduction The aim of this multicenter, prospective, randomized, crossover trial is to compare, in critical care patients receiving insulin infusion therapy (IIT), the pharmacodynamic of ...Humulin insulin (Hlin), currently used as “standard of care,” and Humalog insulin (Hlog), a shorter acting insulin formulation. This was measured as extent and duration of the carryover effect of insulin treatment, with the latter calculated as ratio between blood glucose concentration (BGC) reduction during and after IIT. Materials and methods Twenty-eight patients treated in an intensive care unit and receiving full nutritional support were randomly assigned to Hlin or Hlog as first treatment. Insulin was infused at a constant rate in patients presenting with BGC greater than or equal to 180 mg/dL (0.04 U/kg per hour) and was discontinued when BGC was less than or equal to 140 mg/dL (therapeutic BGC drop). Further reductions in BGC after discontinuation of insulin infusion were recorded (postinfusional BGC drop). During the study period, whole blood BGC was measured every 30 minutes. A minimal 6-hour washout interval was maintained between treatments with the 2 types of insulin. The primary end point was the extent (calculated as ratio between the therapeutic BGC drop and the postinfusional BGC drop) and duration of the carryover effect. Results Treatment with Hlog, as compared with Hlin, was associated with a less profound carryover effect as well as a briefer duration of carryover (median, 0.40 vs 0.62; P < .001; median, 1 vs 1.5 hours; P < .001). Conclusions The use of constant Hlog infusion for IIT, when compared with Hlin at the same dose, is associated with a less profound carryover effect on BGC after discontinuation of IIT, a briefer duration of carryover, a faster BGC drop during infusion, and a quicker BGC rise after discontinuation. These characteristics suggest that Hlog IIT may be preferable for use in critically ill patients.
While new ways to use the Semantic Web are developed every week, which allow the user to find information on web more accurately - for example in search engines - some sophisticated pragmatic tools ...are becoming more important - for example in web interfaces known as Social Intelligence, or in the most famous Siri by Apple. The work aims to analyze whether and where we can identify the boundary between semantics and pragmatics in the software used by analyzed systems. examining how the linguistic disciplines are fundamental in their progress. Is it possible to assume that the tools of social intelligence have a pragmatic approach to the questions of the user, or it is just a use of a very rich vocabulary, with the use of semantic tools?
We describe the trigger system for the electromagnetic calorimeter of the OBELIX experiment operating at the LEAR ring at CERN. The system has been studied mainly for multiplicity trigger on gamma ...rays, but energy and angular selections can also be performed. The designing criteria, the electronics performances, as well as the measured trigger capability to select some exclusive reactions are reported.
A series of derivatives having a propranolol-like moiety linked to NO-donor furoxan substructures were synthesized. The main objective of this investigation was to obtain agents with mixed ...NO-dependent vasodilating and beta-blocking activities.
Most of the target compounds were synthesized from the appropriate furoxans bearing XCH2CH2NH2 (X = O, S, SO2) chains at the 4 position of the ring, using Al(C2H5)3 in methylene chloride solution and (+/-)2,3-epoxypropyl 1-naphtyl ether. Two of the final products (X = CONH) were obtained by coupling the appropriate furoxancarboxylic acids with N-2-hydroxy-3-(1-naphthoxy)propyl-ethylenediamine. beta 1- and beta 2-blocking activities were examined on isolated guinea pig right atria and on guinea pig trachea respectively. Vasodilating properties were assessed on endothelium denuded strips of rat aorta.
Some derivatives behave as well balanced "hybrids" displaying NO-dependent vasodilating and beta-blocking properties in the same concentration range. Some others display either prevalent beta-blocking or vasodilating activity. Generally speaking hybrid formation lowers the affinity for beta-receptors, in particular for beta 2-type, to give an increase in beta 1/beta 2 selectivity.
The furoxan system is a flexible tool in designing analogues of propranolol whose NO-donating and beta-blocking properties are modulated over a wide range.
Tetraethyl ethenylidenebisphosphonate can undergo facile Michael type addition reaction with simple Grignard reagents to give alkyl, arylalkyl, aryl C-substituted methylene bisphosphonates. This ...addition easily occurs even if funtionalised Grignard reagents are used.
A series alkyl, arylalkyl, aryl C-substituted tetraethyl methylenebisphosphonates were prepared by Michael type addition reaction with simple Grignard reagents and tetraethyl ethenylidenebisphosphonate. This addition easily occur even if funtionalised Grignard reagents are used.
An optical counterpart to GRB 971227? Guarnieri, A.; Castro-Tirado, A. J.; Bartolini, C. ...
Astronomy & astrophysics. Supplement series,
09/1999, Letnik:
138, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Observations taken at Calar Alto and Loiano led to the possible identification of the GRB 971227 optical counterpart. Details on the observations are presented.
Abstract Introduction The aim of this multicenter, prospective, randomized, crossover trial is to compare, in critical care patients receiving insulin infusion therapy (IIT), the pharmacodynamic of ...Humulin insulin (Hlin), currently used as “standard of care,” and Humalog insulin (Hlog), a shorter acting insulin formulation. This was measured as extent and duration of the carryover effect of insulin treatment, with the latter calculated as ratio between blood glucose concentration (BGC) reduction during and after IIT. Materials and methods Twenty-eight patients treated in an intensive care unit and receiving full nutritional support were randomly assigned to Hlin or Hlog as first treatment. Insulin was infused at a constant rate in patients presenting with BGC greater than or equal to 180 mg/dL (0.04 U/kg per hour) and was discontinued when BGC was less than or equal to 140 mg/dL (therapeutic BGC drop). Further reductions in BGC after discontinuation of insulin infusion were recorded (postinfusional BGC drop). During the study period, whole blood BGC was measured every 30 minutes. A minimal 6-hour washout interval was maintained between treatments with the 2 types of insulin. The primary end point was the extent (calculated as ratio between the therapeutic BGC drop and the postinfusional BGC drop) and duration of the carryover effect. Results Treatment with Hlog, as compared with Hlin, was associated with a less profound carryover effect as well as a briefer duration of carryover (median, 0.40 vs 0.62; P < .001; median, 1 vs 1.5 hours; P < .001). Conclusions The use of constant Hlog infusion for IIT, when compared with Hlin at the same dose, is associated with a less profound carryover effect on BGC after discontinuation of IIT, a briefer duration of carryover, a faster BGC drop during infusion, and a quicker BGC rise after discontinuation. These characteristics suggest that Hlog IIT may be preferable for use in critically ill patients.
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