Mitochondria are the major cellular energy‐producing organelles and intracellular source of reactive oxygen species. These organelles are responsible for driving cell life and death through ...mitochondrial network structure homeostasis, which is determined by a balance of fission and fusion. Recent advances revealed that a number of components of the fission and fusion machinery, including dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1), mitofusin1/2 (Mfn1/2) and Optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), that have been implicated in mitochondrial shape changes are indispensible for autophagy, apoptosis and necroptosis. Drp1 is the main regulator of mitochondrial fission and has become a key point of contention. The controversy focuses on whether Drp1 is directly involved in the regulation of cell death and, if involved, whether is it a stimulator or a negative regulator of cell death. Here, we examine the relevance of the homeostasis of the mitochondrial network structure in 3 different types of cell death, including autophagy, apoptosis and necroptosis. Furthermore, a variety of cancers often exhibit a fragmented mitochondrial phenotype. Thus, the fragmented ratio can reflect tumor progression that predicts prognosis and therapeutic response. In addition, we investigate whether the targeting of the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 could be a novel therapeutic approach.
Here, we examine the relevance of the homeostasis of the mitochondrial network structure in 3 different types of cell death, including autophagy, apoptosis and necroptosis. Furthermore, a variety of cancers often exhibit a fragmented mitochondrial phenotype. Targeting the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1or other shaping proteins is becoming a topic of interest. Further studies are needed to understand the differential effects of oncogenic signaling pathways on mitochondrial dynamics and to identify additional new signaling axes that regulate mitochondrial network structure homeostasis.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), also called porous coordination polymers, represent a class of crystalline porous materials built from organic linkers and metal ions/clusters. The unique features of ...MOFs, including structural diversity and tailorability as well as high surface area, etc., enable them to be a highly versatile platform for potential applications in many fields. Herein, an overview of recent developments achieved in MOF catalysis, including heterogeneous catalysis, photocatalysis, and eletrocatalysis over MOFs and MOF‐based materials, is provided. The active sites involved in the catalysts are particularly emphasized. The challenges, future trends, and prospects associated with MOFs and their related materials for catalysis are also discussed.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of crystalline porous materials, have allowed great progress in catalysis over the past two decades. An overview of recent developments for MOF catalysis, including heterogeneous organic reactions, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis over MOFs and MOF‐based materials, is provided. The state‐of‐the‐art and opportunities and challenges regarding MOF‐based catalysis are also discussed.
Immunosuppressive molecules are extremely valuable prognostic biomarkers across different cancer types. However, the diversity of different immunosuppressive molecules makes it very difficult to ...accurately predict clinical outcomes based only on a single immunosuppressive molecule. Here, we establish a comprehensive immune scoring system (ISS
) based on 6 immunosuppressive ligands (NECTIN2, CEACAM1, HMGB1, SIGLEC6, CD44, and CD155) using the LASSO method to improve prognostic accuracy and provide an additional selection strategy for adjuvant chemotherapy of gastric cancer (GC). The results show that ISS
is an independent prognostic factor and a supplement of TNM stage for GC patients, and it can improve their prognosis prediction accuracy; in addition, it can distinguish GC patients with better prognosis from those with high prognostic nutritional index score; furthermore, ISS
can also be used as a tool to select GC patients who would benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy independent of their TNM stages, MSI status and EBV status.
Background
This study evaluated the safety, effectiveness, and feasibility of indocyanine green (ICG) tracing in guiding lymph-node (LN) dissection during laparoscopic D2 radical gastrectomy in ...patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC).
Method
We retrospectively analyzed data on 313 patients with clinical stage of cT1-4N0-3M0 who underwent laparoscopic radical gastrectomy after NAC between February 2010 and October 2020 from two hospitals in China. Grouped according to whether ICG was injected. For the ICG group (
n
= 102) and non-ICG group (
n
= 211), 1:1 propensity matching analysis was used.
Results
After matching, there was no significant difference in the general clinical pathological data between the two groups (ICG vs. non-ICG: 94 vs. 94). The average number of total LN dissections was significantly higher in the ICG group and lower LN non-compliance rate than in the non-ICG group. Subgroup analysis showed that among patients with LN and tumor did not shrink after NAC, the number of LN dissections was significantly more and LN non-compliance rate was lower in the ICG group than in the non-ICG group. Intraoperative blood loss was significantly lesser in the ICG group than in the non-ICG group, while the recovery and complications of the two groups were similar.
Conclusion
For patients with poor NAC outcomes, ICG tracing can increase the number of LN dissections during laparoscopic radical gastrectomy, reduce the rate of LN non-compliance, and reduce intraoperative bleeding. Patients with AGC should routinely undergo ICG-guided laparoscopic radical gastrectomy.
Abstract
Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel β-coronavirus, causes severe pneumonia and has spread throughout the globe rapidly. The disease associated ...with SARS-CoV-2 infection is named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To date, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the only test able to confirm this infection. However, the accuracy of RT-PCR depends on several factors; variations in these factors might significantly lower the sensitivity of detection.
Methods
In this study, we developed a peptide-based luminescent immunoassay that detected immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM. The assay cutoff value was determined by evaluating the sera from healthy and infected patients for pathogens other than SARS-CoV-2.
Results
To evaluate assay performance, we detected IgG and IgM in the sera from confirmed patients. The positive rate of IgG and IgM was 71.4% and 57.2%, respectively.
Conclusions
Therefore, combining our immunoassay with real-time RT-PCR might enhance the diagnostic accuracy of COVID-19.
A peptide-based magnetic chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was developed; 71.4% (197 of 276) and 57.2% (158 of 276) of the COVID-19 inpatients were positive for IgG and IgM against SARS-CoV-2.
It remains highly desired but a great challenge to achieve atomically dispersed metals in high loadings for efficient catalysis. Now porphyrinic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been synthesized ...based on a novel mixed‐ligand strategy to afford high‐content (1.76 wt %) single‐atom (SA) iron‐implanted N‐doped porous carbon (FeSA‐N‐C) via pyrolysis. Thanks to the single‐atom Fe sites, hierarchical pores, oriented mesochannels and high conductivity, the optimized FeSA‐N‐C exhibits excellent oxygen reduction activity and stability, surpassing almost all non‐noble‐metal catalysts and state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C, in both alkaline and more challenging acidic media. More far‐reaching, this MOF‐based mixed‐ligand strategy opens a novel avenue to the precise fabrication of efficient single‐atom catalysts.
Iron islands: Based on a mixed‐ligand strategy, a porphyrinic MOF was pyrolyzed to afford high‐content single‐atom iron‐implanted N‐doped porous carbon (FeSA‐N‐C). Thanks to the FeSA sites, hierarchical pores, oriented mesochannels, and high conductivity, FeSA‐N‐C exhibits excellent oxygen reduction activity and stability, surpassing almost all non‐noble‐metal catalysts and Pt/C, in both alkaline and the more challenging acidic media.
Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted tremendous interests due to their ultrahigh activity and selectivity. However, the rational control over coordination microenvironment of SACs remains a ...grand challenge. Herein, a post‐synthetic metal substitution (PSMS) strategy has been developed to fabricate single‐atom Ni catalysts with different N coordination numbers (denoted Ni‐Nx‐C) on pre‐designed N‐doped carbon derived from metal‐organic frameworks. When served for CO2 electroreduction, the obtained Ni‐N3‐C catalyst achieves CO Faradaic efficiency (FE) up to 95.6 %, much superior to that of Ni‐N4‐C. Theoretical calculations reveal that the lower Ni coordination number in Ni‐N3‐C can significantly enhance COOH* formation, thereby accelerating CO2 reduction. In addition, Ni‐N3‐C shows excellent performance in Zn–CO2 battery with ultrahigh CO FE and excellent stability. This work opens up a new and general avenue to coordination microenvironment modulation (MEM) of SACs for CO2 utilization.
A post‐synthetic metal substitution (PSMS) strategy has been developed to construct single‐atom Ni catalysts with different N coordination numbers (denoted as Ni‐Nx‐C) on defective carbon supports derived from metal‐organic frameworks. When served as an electrocatalyst, the Ni‐N3‐C catalyst, with lower N coordination number around Ni atoms, achieves superior catalytic performance for CO2 reduction.
We investigate the dispersion measure (DM) and scattering of fast radio bursts (FRBs) by the intergalactic medium (IGM), foreground halos, and host halos using cosmological hydrodynamical simulation. ...We find that the median DM caused by foreground halos is around 30% of that caused by the IGM, but it has a much larger variance. The DM induced by hosts deviates from a log-normal distribution but exhibits an extended distribution in the range of with a median value . Then we produce mock FRB sources, assuming a uniform distribution in the range , to consider the propagation effect of IGM, foreground, and host halos on FRB signals simultaneously. The DM distribution of mock sources agrees well with the observation. The fitted DM-redshift relation of the mock sources can provide a rough estimation of the redshifts of observed events with errors . The distribution of mock sources in the DM scattering time (τ) space can also match the observation, assuming a Kolmogorov turbulence model where the inner and outer scales are 1000 km to 1 au and 0.2-10 pc, respectively. Finally, we estimate the relative importance of these media for DM and τ in our models. The IGM and host halos are the primary and secondary sources for the extragalactic DM ( ). Meanwhile, the contribution from foreground halos increases as increases. The host and foreground halos may be the most important media for scattering. Statistically, the latter may dominate the scattering of events with .
The clinical features and immune responses of asymptomatic individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have not been well described. We studied 37 ...asymptomatic individuals in the Wanzhou District who were diagnosed with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections but without any relevant clinical symptoms in the preceding 14 d and during hospitalization. Asymptomatic individuals were admitted to the government-designated Wanzhou People's Hospital for centralized isolation in accordance with policy
. The median duration of viral shedding in the asymptomatic group was 19 d (interquartile range (IQR), 15-26 d). The asymptomatic group had a significantly longer duration of viral shedding than the symptomatic group (log-rank P = 0.028). The virus-specific IgG levels in the asymptomatic group (median S/CO, 3.4; IQR, 1.6-10.7) were significantly lower (P = 0.005) relative to the symptomatic group (median S/CO, 20.5; IQR, 5.8-38.2) in the acute phase. Of asymptomatic individuals, 93.3% (28/30) and 81.1% (30/37) had reduction in IgG and neutralizing antibody levels, respectively, during the early convalescent phase, as compared to 96.8% (30/31) and 62.2% (23/37) of symptomatic patients. Forty percent of asymptomatic individuals became seronegative and 12.9% of the symptomatic group became negative for IgG in the early convalescent phase. In addition, asymptomatic individuals exhibited lower levels of 18 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. These data suggest that asymptomatic individuals had a weaker immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The reduction in IgG and neutralizing antibody levels in the early convalescent phase might have implications for immunity strategy and serological surveys.
Interfacial electron transfer between cocatalyst and photosensitizer is key in heterogeneous photocatalysis, yet the underlying mechanism remains subtle and unclear. Surfactant coated on the metal ...cocatalysts, greatly modulating the microenvironment of catalytic sites, is largely ignored. Herein, a series of Pt co‐catalysts with modulated microenvironments, including polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) capped Pt nanoparticles (denoted as PtPVP), Pt with partially removed PVP (PtrPVP), and clean Pt without PVP (Pt), were encapsulated into a metal–organic framework (MOF), UiO‐66‐NH2, to afford PtPVP@UiO‐66‐NH2, PtrPVP@UiO‐66‐NH2, and Pt@UiO‐66‐NH2, respectively, for photocatalytic hydrogen production. The PVP appears to have a negative influence on the interfacial electron transfer between Pt and the MOF. Compared with PtPVP@UiO‐66‐NH2, the removal of interfacial PVP improves the sluggish kinetics of electron transfer, boosting photocatalytic hydrogen production.
Pt co‐catalysts with modulated microenvironments, including polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) capped Pt nanoparticles (denoted as PtPVP), Pt with partially removed PVP (PtrPVP), and clean Pt without PVP (Pt), are encapsulated in a metal–organic framework (MOF). Systemic investigations suggest that the PVP presents negative influence on the interfacial electron transfer between Pt and the MOF, and the PVP removal greatly boosts photocatalysis.
PDF
