The improvement of water management requires monitoring techniques that accurately evaluate water quality status and detect the effects of land use changes on water chemistry. This study aimed to ...evaluate how multivariate statistical methods and water quality indices can be applied together to evaluate the processes controlling water chemical composition and the overall water quality status of a tropical watershed. Thirty-four water samples were collected in the Formoso River basin, located on the border of the Amazon Forest. Water parameters were measured in situ using a multiparameter and in the lab using spectroscopic and volumetric techniques. The water quality dataset was interpreted through principal component analysis, multivariate linear regression, and water quality indices. Statistical methods allowed us to identify the sources and geochemical processes controlling water quality chemistry, which were carbonate dissolution, runoff/erosion, nutrient input due to anthropogenic activities, and redox reactions in flooded zones. They were also used to create linear functions to evaluate the effects of land use changes on the geochemical processes controlling water chemistry. Conversely, the water quality indices provide information about the overall condition of the water. The Weight-Arithmetic Quality Index correctly evaluates water suitability for its multiple uses, according to the Brazilian guidelines. Conversely, the Ontario Water Quality Index is not suitable to evaluate the water quality of tropical rivers, since the usual higher water temperature and the low oxygen contents associated with tropical environments result in biased water quality evaluations by this index.
Bem-estar em equinos hospitalizados Melo, Ubiratan; De Souza, Magna Pereira da Silva; Ferreira, Cíntia ...
PUBVET,
10/2022, Letnik:
16, Številka:
13
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Horses are complex sentient beings with specific needs that together determine their degree of well-being. The well-being of hospitalized patients has been the focus of increasing interest in ...veterinary medicine. This article aims to review animal welfare practices that can be applied during the period of hospitalization of horses. Veterinary practice, whether in the field or in a hospital environment, must consider the principles of the five freedoms, seeking to promote positive emotions during patient treatment.
Equinos são seres sencientes complexos e com necessidades específicas que, o conjunto determina seu grau de bem-estar. O bem-estar do paciente hospitalizado tem sido o foco de crescente interesse na medicina veterinária. Este artigo tem por objetivo revisar as práticas de bem-estar animal que podem ser aplicadas durante o período de hospitalização de equinos. A prática veterinária, seja ela no campo ou em ambiente hospitalar, deve considerar os princípios das cinco liberdades, buscando promover emoções positivas durante o tratamento do paciente.
Although increasing evidence confirms neuropsychiatric manifestations associated mainly with severe COVID-19 infection, long-term neuropsychiatric dysfunction (recently characterized as part of “long ...COVID-19” syndrome) has been frequently observed after mild infection. We show the spectrum of cerebral impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, ranging from long-term alterations in mildly infected individuals (orbitofrontal cortical atrophy, neurocognitive impairment, excessive fatigue and anxiety symptoms) to severe acute damage confirmed in brain tissue samples extracted from the orbitofrontal region (via endonasal transethmoidal access) from individuals who died of COVID-19. In an independent cohort of 26 individuals who died of COVID-19, we used histopathological signs of brain damage as a guide for possible SARS-CoV-2 brain infection and found that among the 5 individuals who exhibited those signs, all of them had genetic material of the virus in the brain. Brain tissue samples from these five patients also exhibited foci of SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication, particularly in astrocytes. Supporting the hypothesis of astrocyte infection, neural stem cell–derived human astrocytes in vitro are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection through a noncanonical mechanism that involves spike–NRP1 interaction. SARS-CoV-2–infected astrocytes manifested changes in energy metabolism and in key proteins and metabolites used to fuel neurons, as well as in the biogenesis of neurotransmitters. Moreover, human astrocyte infection elicits a secretory phenotype that reduces neuronal viability. Our data support the model in which SARS-CoV-2 reaches the brain, infects astrocytes, and consequently, leads to neuronal death or dysfunction. These deregulated processes could contribute to the structural and functional alterations seen in the brains of COVID-19 patients.
The antimicrobial activities of the isomers and enantiomers of pinene were evaluated against bacterial and fungal cells. The agar diffusion test showed that only the positive enantiomers of the α- ...and β-isomers of pinene were active. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal microbicidal concentration (MMC) of these monoterpenes were also determined, confirming that the positive enantiomers exhibited microbicidal activity against all fungi and bacteria tested with MICs ranging from 117 to 4,150 μg/mL. However, no antimicrobial activity was detected with the negative enantiomers up to 20 mg/mL. Time-kill curves showed that (+)-α-pinene and (+)-β-pinene were highly toxic to Candida albicans, killing 100% of inoculum within 60 min. By contrast, the bactericidal effect occurred after 6 h in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In combination with commercial antimicrobials, ciprofloxacin plus (+)-α-pinene or (+)-β-pinene presented synergistic activity against MRSA whereas an indifferent effect against all fungi was detected when amphotericin B was combined with the positive enantiomers of pinene. The potential of (+)-α-pinene and (+)-β-pinene to inhibit phospholipase and esterase activities was also evaluated, and the best inhibition results were obtained with Cryptococcus neoformans. C. albicans biofilm formation was prevented with the MIC concentration of (+)-α-pinene and twice the MIC value of (+)-β-pinene. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the positive enantiomers of pinene to murine macrophages was evaluated, and 250 μg/mL of (+)-α-pinene and (+)-β-pinene reduced the cell viability to 66.8% and 57.7%, respectively.
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emergent arbovirus first described in forest regions of the American continent, with recent and increasing notification of urban area circulation. Similar to Chikungunya ...(CHIKV) and other arthritogenic Alphavirus, MAYV-induced disease shows a high prevalence of persistent arthralgia, and myalgia. Despite this, knowledge regarding pathogenesis and characteristics of host immune response of MAYV infections are still limited. Here, using different ages of wild-type (WT), adult Type I Interferon receptor deficient (IFNAR
–/–
), and adult recombination activation gene-1 deficient (RAG
–/–
) mice, we have investigated the dependence of age, innate and adaptive immunity for the control of MAYV replication, tissue damage, and inflammation in mice. We have found that MAYV induces clinical signal and replicates in young WT mice, which gain the ability to restrict MAYV replication with aging. In addition, we observed that mice age and type I interferon response are related to restriction of MAYV infection and muscular inflammation in mice. Moreover, MAYV continues to replicate persistently in RAG
–/–
mice, being detected at blood and tissues 40 days post infection, indicating that adaptive immunity is essential to MAYV clearance. Despite chronic replication, infected adult RAG
–/–
mice did not develop an apparent signal of muscle damage in early and late infection. On the other hand, MAYV infection in young WT and adult IFNAR-/- mice triggers an increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as TNF, IL-6, KC, IL-1β, MCP-1, and RANTES, in muscle tissue, and decreases TGF-β expression, that were not significantly modulated in adult WT and RAG
–/–
mice. Taken together, our data demonstrated that age, innate and adaptive immunity are important to restrict MAYV replication and that adaptive immunity is also involved in MAYV-induced tissue damage. These results contribute to the comprehension of MAYV pathogenesis, and describe translational mice models for further studies of MAYV infection, vaccine tests, and therapeutic strategies against this virus.
The upland lakes (ULs) in Carajás, southeastern Amazonia, have been extensively studied with respect to their high-resolution structural geology, geomorphology, stratigraphy, multielement and isotope ...geochemistry, palynology and limnology. These studies have generated large multiproxy datasets, which were integrated in this review to explain the formation and evolution of the ULs. These ULs evolved during the Pliocene–Pleistocene periods through several episodes of a subsidence of the lateritic crust (canga) promoted by fault reactivation. The resulting ULs were filled under wet/dry and warm/cool paleoclimatic conditions during the Pleistocene period. The multielement geochemical signature indicates that the detrital sediments of these ULs were predominantly derived from weathered canga and ferruginous soils, while the sedimentary organic matter came from autochthonous (siliceous sponge spicules, algae, macrophytes) and allochthonous (C3/C4 canga and forest plants and freshwater dissolved organic carbon) sources. Modern pollen rain suggests that even small ULs can record both the influence of canga vegetation and forest signals; thus, they can serve as reliable sites to provide a record of vegetation history. The integrated data from the sedimentary cores indicate that the active ULs have never dried up during the last 50 ka cal BP. However, subaerial exposure occurred in filled ULs, such as the Tarzan mountain range during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the Bocaína and S11 mountain ranges in the mid-Holocene period, due to the drier conditions. Considering the organic proxies, the expansion of C4 plants has been observed in the S11 and Tarzan ULs during dry events. Extensive precipitation of siderite in UL deposits during the LGM indicated drier paleoenvironmental conditions, interrupting the predominantly wet conditions. However, there is no evidence of widespread forest replacement by savanna in the Carajás plateau of southeastern Amazonia during the late Pleistocene and Holocene.
A qualidade e saúde dos grãos comerciais devem considerar os aspectos sanitários tanto no cultivo e procedimentos de colheita quanto nos procedimentos pós colheitas e no armazenamento e etapas do ...processo de industrialização, que por sua vez disponibiliza diversos tipos de grãos para os mais diversos segmentos, incluindo a alimentação humana. Toda essa logística deve seguir práticas sanitárias que evitam a contaminação dos grãos por microrganismos, sejam fungos, bactérias, entre outros. Para as três marcas escolhidas de grãos de feijões (marcas mais consumidas, segundo levantamento), foram aplicados procedimentos de esterilização externa em solução de hipoclorito a 1,5% de diluição, seguido de duas lavagens consecutivas com água destilada, secagem em papel filtro esterilizado em autoclave, por fim foram acondicionados em meio de cultura (Baird Parker Agar Base/BPA), favorável ao crescimento de fungos. Para cada marca de feijão, foram separadas 05 conjuntos de placas de Petri com o meio de cultura, em cada placa foi distribuído 10 grãos devidamente esterilizados e uniformemente distanciados e acondicionados em cabine de fluxo laminar vertical. As três marcas apresentaram contaminação por fungos, entre eles os gêneros Rhizopus, Aspergilus e Penicillium foram confirmados; sendo uma das marcas contaminada apenas por Penicillium sp., a segunda marca com contaminações por Rhizopus sp. e Aspergilus sp., e a terceira marca contaminada por Aspergillus sp. Os gêneros dos fungos confirmados possuem potencial toxigênico, o mal condicionamento e manuseio dos grãos in natura podem contribuir com casos relacionados às Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/DTA.
Serum biomarkers associated with SARS-CoV-2 severity de Morais Batista, Fabiani; Puga, Marco Antonio Moreira; da Silva, Patricia Vieira ...
Scientific reports,
09/2022, Letnik:
12, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Immunity with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the acute phase is not sufficiently well understood to differentiate mild from severe cases and identify prognostic markers. We evaluated the immune response ...profile using a total of 71 biomarkers in sera from patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, confirmed by RT-PCR and controls. We correlated biological marker levels with negative control (C) asymptomatic (A), nonhospitalized (mild cases-M), and hospitalized (severe cases-S) groups. Among angiogenesis markers, we identified biomarkers that were more frequently elevated in severe cases when compared to the other groups (C, A, and M). Among cardiovascular diseases, there were biomarkers with differences between the groups, with D-dimer, GDF-15, and sICAM-1 higher in the S group. The levels of the biomarkers Myoglobin and P-Selectin were lower among patients in group M compared to those in groups S and A. Important differences in cytokines and chemokines according to the clinical course were identified. Severe cases presented altered levels when compared to group C. This study helps to characterize biological markers related to angiogenesis, growth factors, heart disease, and cytokine/chemokine production in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2, offering prognostic signatures and a basis for understanding the biological factors in disease severity.
Desde o início da pandemia em 2019, a infecção pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 em pacientes adultos tem se apresentado de forma multissistêmica. Apesar de o acometimento clássico ser o pulmonar, outras ...manifestações clínicas raras têm sido associadas à infecção, como a síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica no adulto, eventos trombóticos e colangiopatia pós covid-19. Nesse contexto, raríssimos casos de rotura esplênica têm sido reportados como complicação pela COVID-19. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar um caso de rotura esplênica não traumática em paciente com quadro recente de COVID-19. Paciente masculino 42 anos, sem comorbidades, com relato de dor epigástrica iniciada em repouso após escalada de montanha. Houve piora progressiva da dor, buscando atendimento médico na emergência. Realizada tomografia de abdome com contraste venoso que evidenciou rotura esplênica com laceração de parênquima associado a infarto esplênico. Avaliação da cirurgia geral favorável à conduta conservadora com analgesia e reavaliação ambulatorial quanto à realização da esplenectomia. Em história prévia, paciente relatou exame de swab nasofaríngeo com RT-PCR para SARS-CoV-2 positivo 8 dias antes do início do quadro. Negou trauma local. Painel de sorologias virais para diagnóstico diferencial negativo. Imunofenotipagem de sangue periférico para doenças linfoproliferativas também sem alterações. A rotura esplênica atraumática é uma apresentação rara e potencialmente fatal como complicação na infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2. Embora sua completa fisiopatogenia ainda seja desconhecida, em parte dos poucos casos reportados há a presença de trombose de vasos esplênicos visualizados em tomografia de abdome com contraste. A apresentação clínica dos pacientes geralmente é acompanhada de instabilidade hemodinâmica, com presença de hemoperitôneo, o que justifica a indicação de abordagem cirúrgica de emergência. Dessa maneira, o trabalho mostra a necessidade de atenção ao quadro de dor abdominal na apresentação de pacientes no setor de emergência no contexto epidemiológico atual, especialmente em pacientes sabidamente infectados pelo vírus da COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
This study addresses paleoclimate influences in a southern Amazonia ecotone based on multiproxy records from lakes of the Carajás region during the last 45k cal a bp. Wet and cool ...environmental conditions marked the initial deposition in shallow depressions with detrital sediments and high weathering rates until 40k cal a
bp. Concomitantly, forest and C3 canga plants, along with cool‐adapted taxa, developed; however, short drier episodes enabled expansion of C4 plants and diagenetic formation of siderite. A massive event of siderite formation occurred approximately 30k cal a
bp under strong drier conditions. Afterwards, wet and cool environmental conditions returned and persisted until the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The LGM was marked by lake‐level lowstands and subaerial exposure. The transition from the LGM to the Holocene is marked by the onset of oscillations in temperature and humidity, with an expansion of forest and canga plants. Cool taxa were present for the last time in the Carajás region ~ 9.5–9k cal a
bp. After 10k cal a
bp, shallow lakes became upland swamps due to natural infilling processes, but the current vegetation types and structures of the plateaus were acquired only after 3k cal a
bp under wetter climatic conditions.
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