Surveillance cameras are being installed in many primary daily living places to maintain public safety. In this video-surveillance context, anomalies occur only for a very short time, and very ...occasionally. Hence, manual monitoring of such anomalies may be exhaustive and monotonous, resulting in a decrease in reliability and speed in emergency situations due to monitor tiredness. Within this framework, the importance of automatic detection of anomalies is clear, and, therefore, an important amount of research works have been made lately in this topic. According to these earlier studies, supervised approaches perform better than unsupervised ones. However, supervised approaches demand manual annotation, making dependent the system reliability of the different situations used in the training (something difficult to set in anomaly context). In this work, it is proposed an approach for anomaly detection in video-surveillance scenes based on a weakly supervised learning algorithm. Spatio-temporal features are extracted from each surveillance video using a temporal convolutional 3D neural network (T-C3D). Then, a novel ranking loss function increases the distance between the classification scores of anomalous and normal videos, reducing the number of false negatives. The proposal has been evaluated and compared against state-of-art approaches, obtaining competitive performance without fine-tuning, which also validates its generalization capability. In this paper, the proposal design and reliability is presented and analyzed, as well as the aforementioned quantitative and qualitative evaluation in-the-wild scenarios, demonstrating its high sensitivity in anomaly detection in all of them.
Aim
This study evaluates the effectiveness of a behavioural intervention programme aimed at reducing the reluctance of dependent people to attend Adult Day Care Centres. We hope that reducing ...resistance will have a positive influence on the mental health of caregivers.
Background
Care centres offer important relief and rest services for family caregivers. Some caregivers report being affected by behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia when they prepare dependents for the Care Centres, especially when these have dementia. Caregivers often report the need for information about how to manage the behaviour of the sick. Nurses in community healthcare units can investigate cases of patients who present resistance when attending care centres and can promote the use of interventions aimed at reducing this problem.
Design
Randomised controlled clinical trial.
Methods
The reference population will be care centre users in Salamanca (Spain) to select 120 family members responsible for the preparation and transfer of the care‐recipient. Each participant will be randomised to an intervention group or control group (standard care). A baseline assessment and 6 months follow‐up assessment will be performed (study approved in September 2016).
Intervention
The intervention group will consist of 8 sessions, one per week, each lasting 90 min. Each session will be run by a psychologist trained in behaviour analysis and will be tailored to the specific behavioural problems reported by the caregivers.
Discussion
The results of a previously published pilot study allow us to be optimistic about the possibilities of a brief intervention.
Mammal diversity affects carbon concentration in Amazonian soils. It is known that some species traits determine carbon accumulation in organisms (e.g., size and longevity), and are also related to ...feeding strategies, thus linking species traits to the type of organic remains that are incorporated into the soil. Trait diversity in mammal assemblages – that is, its functional diversity – may therefore constitute another mechanism linking biodiversity to soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation. To address this hypothesis, we analyzed across 83 mammal assemblages in the Amazon biome (Guyana), the elemental (by ED‐XRF and CNH analysis) and molecular (FTIR‐ATR) composition of SOM of topsoils (401 samples) and trait diversity (functional richness, evenness, and divergence) for each mammal assemblage. Lower mammal functional richness but higher functional divergence were related to higher content of carbonyl and aliphatic SOM, potentially affecting SOM recalcitrance. Our results might allow the design of biodiversity management plans that consider the effect of mammal traits on carbon sequestration and accumulation in soils.
Mammal diversity affects carbon concentration in soils, but the diversity of traits in mammal assemblages – that is, its functional diversity – may constitute another mechanism linking biodiversity to soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation. We found that lower mammal functional richness but higher functional divergence increases the content of carbonyl and aliphatic SOM, potentially affecting SOM recalcitrance. Our results might allow the design of biodiversity management plans that consider the effect of mammal traits on carbon sequestration and accumulation in soils.
Rindopepimut (also known as CDX-110), a vaccine targeting the EGFR deletion mutation EGFRvIII, consists of an EGFRvIII-specific peptide conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin. In the ACT IV study, ...we aimed to assess whether or not the addition of rindopepimut to standard chemotherapy is able to improve survival in patients with EGFRvIII-positive glioblastoma.
In this randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial, we recruited patients aged 18 years and older with glioblastoma from 165 hospitals in 22 countries. Eligible patients had newly diagnosed glioblastoma confirmed to express EGFRvIII by central analysis, and had undergone maximal surgical resection and completion of standard chemoradiation without progression. Patients were stratified by European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer recursive partitioning analysis class, MGMT promoter methylation, and geographical region, and randomly assigned (1:1) with a prespecified randomisation sequence (block size of four) to receive rindopepimut (500 μg admixed with 150 μg GM-CSF) or control (100 μg keyhole limpet haemocyanin) via monthly intradermal injection until progression or intolerance, concurrent with standard oral temozolomide (150–200 mg/m2 for 5 of 28 days) for 6–12 cycles or longer. Patients, investigators, and the trial funder were masked to treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was overall survival in patients with minimal residual disease (MRD; enhancing tumour <2 cm2 post-chemoradiation by central review), analysed by modified intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01480479.
Between April 12, 2012, and Dec 15, 2014, 745 patients were enrolled (405 with MRD, 338 with significant residual disease SRD, and two unevaluable) and randomly assigned to rindopepimut and temozolomide (n=371) or control and temozolomide (n=374). The study was terminated for futility after a preplanned interim analysis. At final analysis, there was no significant difference in overall survival for patients with MRD: median overall survival was 20·1 months (95% CI 18·5–22·1) in the rindopepimut group versus 20·0 months (18·1–21·9) in the control group (HR 1·01, 95% CI 0·79–1·30; p=0·93). The most common grade 3–4 adverse events for all 369 treated patients in the rindopepimut group versus 372 treated patients in the control group were: thrombocytopenia (32 9% vs 23 6%), fatigue (six 2% vs 19 5%), brain oedema (eight 2% vs 11 3%), seizure (nine 2% vs eight 2%), and headache (six 2% vs ten 3%). Serious adverse events included seizure (18 5% vs 22 6%) and brain oedema (seven 2% vs 12 3%). 16 deaths in the study were caused by adverse events (nine 4% in the rindopepimut group and seven 3% in the control group), of which one—a pulmonary embolism in a 64-year-old male patient after 11 months of treatment—was assessed as potentially related to rindopepimut.
Rindopepimut did not increase survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Combination approaches potentially including rindopepimut might be required to show efficacy of immunotherapy in glioblastoma.
Celldex Therapeutics, Inc.
Aim
This study assesses the effect of an intervention to reduce the disruptive behaviours (DB) presented by care recipient users of adult day care centres (ADCC), thereby reducing caregiver overload. ...While ADCC offer beneficial respite for family caregivers, the DB that many care recipients show promote resistance to attending these centres, which can be a great burden on their family caregivers.
Design
Randomized controlled clinical trial.
Methods
The study was carried out with 130 family caregivers of people attending seven ADCC in the municipality of Salamanca (Spain), randomly distributed into intervention and control groups. The intervention was applied across eight sessions, one per week, in groups of 8–10 people where caregivers were trained in the Antecedent‐Behavior‐Consequence (ABC) model of functional behaviour analysis. The primary outcome was the reduction of DB measured with the Revised Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist (RMBPC).
Results
An average reduction in the RMBPC of 4.34 points was obtained in the intervention group after applying the intervention (p < 0.01 (U de Mann–Whitney); Cohen d = 1.00); furthermore, differences were found in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D) (U = −2.67; p = 0.008; Cohen d = 0.50) and in the Short Zarit Burden Interview (Short ZBI) (t = −4.10; p < 0.01; Cohen d = 0.98).
Conclusion
The results obtained suggest that the implementation of this intervention could reduce both the frequency of DB occurrence and the reaction of the caregiver to their appearance. Improvement was also noted in the results regarding overload and emotional state of the family caregiver.
Impact
To our knowledge, this is the first randomized clinical trial to show that an intervention based on the ABC model could reduce the frequency and reaction of DB of care recipients in ADCC increasing their quality of life, and improving the mental health and overload of their family caregivers.
摘要
目的
本研究旨在评估以减少成人日托中心(ADCC)受照顾者破坏性行为(DB)为目的的干预行为的效果,从而能够减少护理者的工作负担。虽然成人日托中心能为不少家庭看护人提供休息时间,然而一些受照顾者所表现出来的破坏性行为却增加了他们进入成人日托中心的阻力,这对于他们的家庭护理人来说是一个巨大的负担。
设计
随机对照临床试验。
方法
本试验由来自西班牙萨拉曼卡市七个成人日托中心的130名家庭护理人员参与,他们被随机分为了干预组和对照组。干预分八个周期实施,一周一次,每组8至10人,家庭护理人员则是在功能性行为分析的前因‐行为‐结果(ABC)模型中接受培训。主要成果是基于修正记忆和行为问题清单(RMBPC),破坏性行为减少。
结果
在实施干预后(p < 0.01 (U de Mann–Whitney),干预组的修正记忆和行为问题清单平均下降了4.34个点。此外,在流行病学研究中心的抑郁测量表(CES‐D)中(U = −2.67; p = 0.008; Cohen d = 0.50)和Zarit负担简谈(Short ZBI)中(t = −4.10; p < 0.01; Cohen d = 0.98),也发现了差异。
结论
试验结果表明,实施这种干预能够降低破坏性行为的发生频率和护理人员对于他们表现的反应程度。并且在家庭护理人员的超负荷状态和情感状态方面,也有所改善。
影响
据我们所知,这是首个基于ABC模型的随机临床试验,本试验表明基于ABC模型实施干预可以降低成人日托中心受照顾者破坏性行为的发生频率,提高他们的生活质量,并改善他们家庭护理人员的心理健康和减少工作负担。
Letter to the Editors on the paper by Ferdos & Rahman Sandoval-Moreno, Lina Marcela; Fandiño-Losada, Andrés; Pacichana-Quinayaz, Sara Gabriela ...
Cadernos de saúde pública,
01/2020, Letnik:
36, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered a transitional stage between healthy aging and dementia, specifically Alzheimer's disease (AD). The most common cognitive impairment of MCI includes ...episodic memory loss and difficulties in working memory (WM). Interference can deplete WM, and an optimal WM performance requires an effective control of attentional resources between the memoranda and the incoming stimuli. Difficulties in handling interference lead to forgetting. However, the interplay between interference and WM in MCI is not well-understood and needs further investigation. The current study investigated the effect of interference during a WM task in 20 MCIs and 20 healthy elder volunteers. Participants performed a delayed match-to-sample paradigm which consisted in two interference conditions, distraction and interruption, and one control condition without any interference. Results evidenced a disproportionate impact of interference on the WM performance of MCIs, mainly in the presence of interruption. These findings demonstrate that interference, and more precisely interruption, is an important proxy for memory-related deficits in MCI. Thus, the current findings reveal novel evidence regarding the causes of WM forgetting in MCI patients, associated with difficulties in the mechanisms of attentional control.
Objectives: To examine the cross-national associations between familism and self-efficacy dimensions, and levels of burden and depression. Methods: Sociodemographic, familism, self-efficacy, ...depressive symptoms, and burden variables were measured in 349 dementia family caregivers from the US and Spain. Results: US sample: greater support from family was positively related to self-efficacy for obtaining respite and self-efficacy for controlling upsetting thoughts and behaviors. Both self-efficacy constructs were negatively related to depression. Similar findings were obtained for burden. Spanish sample: higher scores on family as referents were associated with lower scores on self-efficacy for obtaining respite; lower scores on self-efficacy for obtaining respite were associated with higher depressive symptomatology. Discussion: Study findings suggest that a significant interplay exists between the various facets of familism and self-efficacy, leading to differential caregiving outcomes. Unique cultural contexts and values derived from each country may exert distinct influences on how the caregiving role is perceived and appraised.
To identify seasonal and temporal variations in daily incidence of homicides and suicides in Cali and Manizales, Colombia during 2008-2015.
An ecological time series study was performed using ...negative binomial regression models for daily incidence of homicides and suicides; analyses were controlled for yearly trends and temporal autocorrelations.
Saturdays, Sundays, December holidays as well as New Year and New Year's Eve were associated with an increased risk of homicides in both cities. Suicide risk increased during December holidays and New Year in both cities. In addition, the suicide risk increased on paydays, Saturdays, Sundays, and Mondays in Cali, and it decreased during the Holy Week holidays in Manizales. December patterns of suicides and homicides are the opposite in each city, and between cities.
The incidences of homicides and suicides are not homogeneous over time. These patterns can be explained partially by alcohol consumption and changes in people's routine activities which may modify exposure to violent circumstances.
PDF
