River catchments worldwide are heavily fragmented by anthropogenic barriers, reducing their longitudinal connectivity and contributing to the decline of migratory fish populations. Direct impacts of ...individual barriers on migratory fish are well-established, but barrier impacts on onward migration are poorly understood, despite their relevance to evidence-based, catchment-scale, management of threatened species. This study investigated the upstream spawning migration of 352 acoustic tagged river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis), translocated upstream of two key barriers (R2: n = 60 & 59; R3: n = 59 & 52) compared to a control group (R1: n = 61 & 59), across two contrasting (dry and wet, n = 180 and 172) years in the River Yorkshire Ouse, England, to reveal the impact of barriers on the onward migration of upstream migrating fish. Release further upstream increased the degree of catchment penetration, with median distance upstream of R1 56.1% and 68.6% greater for lamprey released at R2 and R3 respectively. Median delays at the two downstream-most main river barriers by the control group were 23.8 and 5.4 days (2018/19) and 9.3 and 11.4 days (2019/20). However, impacts of delay were only observed on the time to reach spawning habitat, time to reach final assumed spawning location and speed of movement in one upper catchment tributary during 2019/20 whilst they were only observed on time to reach spawning habitat during 2018/19 and on assumed spawning location distance during 2019/20 in the other. Ultimately, limited impacts of delay at barriers on onward fish migration post-passage were observed but median catchment penetration was increased with consecutive release upstream. This study demonstrated the importance of a true understanding of barrier impacts to inform catchment-wide planning, evidence vital for management worldwide. Although the findings of this study do support the use of trap and transport as a measure to remediate barrier impacts on migration, fish passage engineering improvements or barrier removal, at structures shown to be the most inhibiting to fish migration should be considered the best and most sustainable option to improve barrier passage.
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•The impact of two river barriers on onward fish migration compared to controls.•Anadromous river lamprey (n = 352) tracked in two contrasting years (dry and wet).•Translocation past downstream-most barriers increased catchment penetration.•Migration delays at downstream-most barriers increased during dry conditions.•Limited impacts of delay on onward fish migration post-passage were observed.
Information on movement ecology and susceptibility to fishing gears is becoming increasingly employed in the management of commercial fisheries. This study combined acoustic telemetry (n = 51 and 52) ...and a simple passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag (n = 1499 and 1113) mark-recapture study, across two successive years on a commercial river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) fishery, to inform exploitation rates and the influence of conditional capture probability on expected catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE). The movements of acoustic-tagged lamprey were used to refine estimates of the number of PIT-marked individuals vulnerable to the fishery. In 2018, this increased the recapture rate estimation by 0.99% and reduced the estimated run size by 152,101 (21.6%; 95% CL, 148,683, 155,688) individuals, with corresponding values of 0.12% and 114,639 (25.0%; 95% CL, 112,900, 116,448) in 2019. Lamprey movements were similar between years, with the number of trap line encounters by individuals between trap lifts used to inform expected CPUE for each lift. Conditional capture probability was mainly dependent on environmental conditions (e.g., river flow) with most trap lifts in the expected CPUE range, although the impacts of behaviour on vulnerability to capture were difficult to disentangle. This study highlights how the incorporation of acoustic telemetry increased the accuracy of, validated, and complemented mark-recapture data, without which management decisions (e.g., quota size) would have been based upon over 100,000 more individuals (27.5% higher than the adjusted run size in 2018 and 33.3% higher in 2019), with potentially severe consequences for the population. These findings demonstrate the importance of understanding fish movement to improve and inform fishery management. The study also presents a framework to quantify conditional capture probability and its influence on CPUE; knowledge that is widely applicable across aquatic systems for management and sustainability of fisheries.
Irving Fisher was the first economist to posit what has come to be known as uncovered interest parity relation. He was also the first to offer a peso-problem type explanation for important episodes ...in which it was violated. After reviewing his theoretical and empirical work on this subject, we go on to reexamine both his data and several other bodies – two consisting of multi-country panel data and a third consisting of a two-century long time series for the United States and the United Kingdom. We find evidence in these data of the important role played by episodic phenomena in disturbing the UIP relation. Like Fisher, we find that the influence of such phenomena dissipates over time. Over the long term these errors prove to be less important and UIP receives empirical support.
BackgroundLow socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with adverse cardiovascular risk factor patterns and poorer outcomes for people with diabetesMethodsA cross-sectional study was performed using ...data for 35 925 people with diagnosed diabetes in Scotland and an area-based measure of SES using linked hospital and population-based diabetes register records. Comparisons by quintile of SES were made before (with p values presented for trend across quintiles given below) and after adjusting for other factors using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsPeople in the most deprived quintile were more likely than people in the most affluent quintile to have hospital records for diabetic kidney disease (2.4% vs 2.0%, p=0.049), diabetic ketoacidosis (3.5% vs 3.0%, p=0.11), hypoglycaemia (1.8% vs 1.4%, p=0.008), ischaemic heart disease (22% vs 17%, p<0.0001), stroke (6.8% vs 5.1%, p<0.0001) and peripheral arterial disease (4.1% vs 2.1%, p<0.0001). An independent effect of SES persisted for cardiovascular disease outcomes after adjusting for age and sex. There were minimal differences in disease management measures by SES.ConclusionManaging current risk factors equitably is unlikely to remove socioeconomic inequalities in diabetes-related outcomes. Measures of SES may be valuable in risk scores and in making valid comparisons of the quality of diabetes care.
Objective
A study was undertaken to assess whether cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) computed tomographic (CT) biomarkers are associated with long‐term outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage.
...Methods
We performed a prospective, community‐based cohort study of adults diagnosed with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage between June 1, 2010 and May 31, 2013. A neuroradiologist rated the diagnostic brain CT for acute intracerebral hemorrhage features and SVD biomarkers. We used severity of white matter lucencies and cerebral atrophy, and the number of lacunes to calculate the CT SVD score. We assessed the association between CT SVD biomarkers and either death, or death or dependence (modified Rankin Scale scores = 4–6) 1 year after first‐ever intracerebral hemorrhage using logistic regression, adjusting for known predictors of outcome.
Results
Within 1 year of intracerebral hemorrhage, 224 (56%) of 402 patients died. In separate models, 1‐year death was associated with severe atrophy (adjusted odds ratio aOR = 2.54, 95% confidence interval CI = 1.44–4.49, p = 0.001) but not lacunes or severe white matter lucencies, and CT SVD sum score ≥ 1 (aOR = 2.50, 95% CI = 1.40–4.45, p = 0.002). Two hundred seventy‐seven (73%) of 378 patients with modified Rankin Scale data were dead or dependent at 1 year. In separate models, 1‐year death or dependence was associated with severe atrophy (aOR = 3.67, 95% CI = 1.71–7.89, p = 0.001) and severe white matter lucencies (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.06–4.51, p = 0.035) but not lacunes, and CT SVD sum score ≥ 1 (aOR = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.45–5.46, p = 0.002).
Interpretation
SVD biomarkers on the diagnostic brain CT are associated with 1‐year death and dependence after intracerebral hemorrhage, independent of known predictors of outcome. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:266–279
Background
We investigated the phenotypes and genotypes of a cohort of ‘long-surviving’ individuals with motor neuron disease (MND) to identify potential targets for prognostication.
Methods
Patients ...were recruited via the Clinical Audit Research and Evaluation for MND (CARE-MND) platform, which hosts the Scottish MND Register. Long survival was defined as > 8 years from diagnosis. 11 phenotypic variables were analysed. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed and variants within 49 MND-associated genes examined. Each individual was screened for
C9orf72
repeat expansions. Data from ancestry-matched Scottish populations (the Lothian Birth Cohorts) were used as controls.
Results
58 long survivors were identified. Median survival from diagnosis was 15.5 years. Long survivors were significantly younger at onset and diagnosis than incident patients and had a significantly longer diagnostic delay. 42% had the MND subtype of primary lateral sclerosis (PLS). WGS was performed in 46 individuals: 14 (30.4%) had a potentially pathogenic variant. 4 carried the known
SOD1
p.(Ile114Thr) variant. Significant variants in
FIG4
, hnRNPA2B1, SETX, SQSTM1, TAF15,
and
VAPB
were detected. 2 individuals had a variant in the
SPAST
gene suggesting phenotypic overlap with hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). No long survivors had pathogenic
C9orf72
repeat expansions.
Conclusions
Long survivors are characterised by younger age at onset, increased prevalence of PLS and longer diagnostic delay. Genetic analysis in this cohort has improved our understanding of the phenotypes associated with the
SOD1
variant p.(Ile114Thr). Our findings confirm that pathogenic expansion of
C9orf72
is likely a poor prognostic marker. Genetic screening using targeted MND and/or HSP panels should be considered in those with long survival, or early-onset slowly progressive disease, to improve diagnostic accuracy and aid prognostication.
ABSTRACT
The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) continues to rise globally; however, the true proportion of paediatric IBD patients remains unknown. We conducted an all‐age, ...multiparameter, population‐based search using capture‐recapture methodology to identify all IBD cases to August 31, 2018 within Lothian, a defined health board and the largest of the 3 within South‐East Scotland. Individual case note validation was performed for all 24,601 possible IBD cases according to internationally recognised diagnostic and age criteria. Of 7035 confirmed point‐prevalent patients, 560 were classified as A1 age phenotype at diagnosis, constituting just 8% of all cases. Ninety‐nine patients were less than 17 years of age on August 31, 2018, constituting only 1.4% of all point‐prevalent cases. These results demonstrate the true contemporary proportion of prevalent paediatric IBD patients is strikingly low, reflecting compounding prevalence in adult practice and the near‐normal life expectancy of this chronic, incurable condition.
Abstract Background Using the Clinical Audit Research and Evaluation of Motor Neuron Disease (CARE-MND) database and the Scottish Regenerative Neurology Tissue Bank, we aimed to outline the genetic ...epidemiology and phenotypes of an incident cohort of people with MND (pwMND) to gain a realistic impression of the genetic landscape and genotype–phenotype associations. Methods Phenotypic markers were identified from the CARE-MND platform. Sequence analysis of 48 genes was undertaken. Variants were classified using a structured evidence-based approach. Samples were also tested for C9orf72 hexanucleotide expansions using repeat-prime PCR methodology. Results 339 pwMND donated a DNA sample: 44 (13.0%) fulfilled criteria for having a pathogenic variant/repeat expansion, 53.5% of those with a family history of MND and 9.3% of those without. The majority (30 (8.8%)) had a pathogenic C9orf72 repeat expansion, including two with intermediate expansions. Having a C9orf72 expansion was associated with a significantly lower Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural ALS Screen ALS-Specific score ( p = 0.0005). The known pathogenic SOD1 variant p.(Ile114Thr), frequently observed in the Scottish population, was detected in 9 (2.7%) of total cases but in 17.9% of familial cases. Rare variants were detected in FUS and NEK1 . One individual carried both a C9orf72 expansion and SOD1 variant. Conclusions Our results provide an accurate summary of MND demographics and genetic epidemiology. We recommend early genetic testing of people with cognitive impairment to ensure that C9orf72 carriers are given the best opportunity for informed treatment planning. Scotland is enriched for the SOD1 p.(Ile114Thr) variant and this has significant implications with regards to future genetically-targeted treatments.
Back to the Future: Trusting Birth Lothian, Judith A
The Journal of perinatal & neonatal nursing,
2001-December, Letnik:
15, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Research over the past 30 years provides support for once again trusting birth. This is a paradigm shift in thinking about birth and requires a dramatic change in the practice of nursing. Confidence ...in a womanʼs ability to give birth, the freedom to find comfort in response to pain, and the support of family, friends, and professionals facilitate normal, natural birth. Hospital policies and routine care practices that decrease confidence, restrict freedom and support, and separate mothers from their infants sabotage natural birth and breastfeeding. The goal of the perinatal nurse is to promote, protect, and support womenʼs efforts to give birth naturally and breastfeed their children.
Variations in behavioral traits are widely recognized to drive animal behaviors exhibited within a population. However, information on how behavior traits influence behavior in anthropogenically ...modified habitats is lacking. Many habitats have become highly fragmented as a result of human processes. To mitigate this and improve habitat connectivity, wildlife passes are increasingly employed, with the aim of enabling animals to move freely between habitats. However, wildlife passes (e.g., fishways) are not always effective in achieving passage and it remains uncertain what factors play a role in an individual's likelihood of passing successfully. This study measured three behavioral traits (boldness, exploration, and activity) in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta; n = 78) under field conditions within a river and tested whether these behavior traits influenced both the passage success and the behaviors exhibited during upstream fishway passage attempts. Although behavioral traits were found and collapsed into two behavioral trait dimensions, behavioral traits had low repeatability and so did not contribute to a personality spectrum. Boldness was found to negatively influence the number of passage attempts carried out by an individual and to positively influence passage success, with bolder individuals carrying out fewer attempts and having an increased probability of passage success. No behavioral traits were found to be related to other passage metrics (passage success, Time until First Attempt, and Passage Duration) during the first passage. But all three behavioral traits were significantly negatively related to the changes in passage behaviors at consecutive, successful passage attempts, with bolder, more exploratory and more active individuals passing through a fishway quicker on the second passage than on the first. This study suggests that bolder and more active individuals may perform better during fishway passage attempts, particularly within rivers where multiple barriers to movement exist.
Information on how behavior traits influence behavior in anthropogenically modified habitats is lacking. We show that an individual's boldness influences the interactions fish have with fishways (wildlife passes) and that boldness, exploration, and activity influence interactions at multiple fishways. These interactions may lead to fitness consequences and may result in selection for specific behavioral and physiological characteristics.
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