The evolution of coronal loops in response to slow photospheric twisting motions is investigated using a variety of methods. Firstly, by solving the time-dependent equations it is shown that the ...field essentially evolves through a sequence of 2-D equilibria with no evidence of rapid dynamic evolution. Secondly, a sequence of 1-D equilibria are shown to provide a remarkably good approximation to the 2-D time-dependent results using a fraction of the computer time. Thus, a substantial investigation of parameter space is now possible. Finally, simple bounds on the 3-D stability of coronal loops are obtained. Exact stability bounds can be found by using these bounds to reduce the region of parameter space requiring further investigation. Twisting the loop too much shows that a 3-D instability must be triggered.
Background
Hospital-based studies have reported variable associations between outcome after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and peri-hematomal edema volume.
Aims
In a community-based study, we ...aimed to investigate the existence, strength, direction, and independence of associations between intracerebral hemorrhage and peri-hematomal edema volumes on diagnostic brain CT and one-year functional outcome and long-term survival.
Methods
We identified all adults, resident in Lothian, diagnosed with first-ever, symptomatic spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage between June 2010 and May 2013 in a community-based, prospective inception cohort study. We defined regions of interest manually and used a semi-automated approach to measure intracerebral hemorrhage volume, peri-hematomal edema volume, and the sum of these measurements (total lesion volume) on first diagnostic brain CT performed at ≤3 days after symptom onset. The primary outcome was death or dependence (scores 3–6 on the modified Rankin Scale) at one-year after intracerebral hemorrhage.
Results
Two hundred ninety-two (85%) of 342 patients (median age 77.5 y, IQR 68–83, 186 (54%) female, median time from onset to CT 6.5 h (IQR 2.9–21.7)) were dead or dependent one year after intracerebral hemorrhage. Peri-hematomal edema and intracerebral hemorrhage volumes were colinear (R2 = 0.77). In models using both intracerebral hemorrhage and peri-hematomal edema, 10 mL increments in intracerebral hemorrhage (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.72 (95% CI 1.08–2.87); p = 0.029) but not peri-hematomal edema volume (aOR 0.92 (0.63–1.45); p = 0.69) were independently associated with one-year death or dependence. 10 mL increments in total lesion volume were independently associated with one-year death or dependence (aOR 1.24 (1.11–1.42); p = 0.0004).
Conclusion
Total volume of intracerebral hemorrhage and peri-hematomal edema, and intracerebral hemorrhage volume alone on diagnostic brain CT, undertaken at three days or sooner, are independently associated with death or dependence one-year after intracerebral hemorrhage, but peri-hematomal edema volume is not.
Data access statement
Anonymized summary data may be requested from the corresponding author.
This article provides a selective review of Milton Friedman's contributions to monetary economics focusing on five areas in particular: the demand for money, the joint historical and empirical work ...with Anna J. Schwartz, the theoretical and empirical analyses of the Phillips Curve, monetary policy and monetary dynamics.
We report a 10-GHz colliding pulse mode-locked laser fabricated with integrated active-passive waveguides. The laser fabrication adopted a deep reactive ion etching and single-step metal-organic ...vapor phase epitaxy regrowth process for forming the buried heterostructure waveguide. Clean output pulses resulted from laterally tilting the active-passive interface and effectively suppressing residual back-reflections at the interface. Hybrid mode-locking resulted in a synchronized transform-limited sech 2 optical waveform. Pulsewidth, chirp, timing jitter, and frequency-locking range were investigated through systematic device biasing condition optimization
Cuddington and Liang (2000) Purchasing Power parity over two centuries? Journal of International Money and Finance, 19, 751–755 examine the long span of sterling–dollar real exchange rate data of ...Lothian and Taylor (1996) Real exchange rate behavior: the recent float from the perspective of the past two centuries. Journal of Political Economy, 104, 488–509 and claim to reject long-run purchasing power parity by fitting time trends or by considering very high-order autoregresssive representations. This reply demonstrates, however, that the central claims of Lothian and Taylor are in fact
strengthened by the implications of Cuddington and Liang's analysis in that, while the economic importance of introducing trend terms is slight, this leads to a faster estimated speed of mean reversion.
Background/Aim: The neurological effects of internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion vary between patients. The authors investigated whether the severity of symptoms in a large group of patients with ...ipsilateral or/and contralateral ICA occlusion at presentation with ocular or cerebral ischaemic symptoms could be explained by patency of other extra or intracranial arteries to act as collateral pathways. Methods: The authors prospectively identified all patients (n = 2881) with stroke, cerebral transient ischaemic attack (TIA), retinal artery occlusion (RAO), and amaurosis fugax (AFx) presenting to our hospital over five years, obtained detailed history and examination, and examined the intra and extracranial arteries with carotid and colour-power transcranial Doppler ultrasound. For this analysis, all those with intracranial haemorrhage on brain imaging and cerebral events without brain imaging were excluded. Results: Among 2228/2397 patients with brain imaging (1713 ischaemic strokes, 401 cerebral TIAs, 193 AFx, and 90 RAO) who underwent carotid Doppler, 195 (9%) had ICA occlusion. Among those patients with cortical events, disease in potential collateral arteries (contralateral ICA, external carotid, ipsilateral or contralateral vertebral or intracranial arteries) was equally distributed among patients with severe and mild ischaemic presenting symptoms. Conclusion: The authors found no evidence that the clinical presentation associated with an ICA occlusion was related to patency of other extra or intracranial arteries to act as collateral pathways. Further work is required to investigate what determines the clinical effects of ICA occlusion.
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