The effects of aqueous extraction of bioactive compounds from pomegranate peels using conventional extraction (CE) and extraction assisted by infrared irradiation (IR), ultrasound (US), pulsed ...electric fields (PEF), and high-voltage electrical discharges (HVED) have been compared. For the extractions assisted by US, PEF and HVED, the saturation in extraction was observed approximately at the same specific energy input in the order of W ≈ 90–100 kJ/kg. HVED assisted extraction enhanced the recovery of polyphenols by ≈3 and ≈1.3 times as compared to US and PEF assisted extractions, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data evidenced that the highest yield of total polyphenols after the HVED treatment can reflect the presence of a strong damage of the microstructure of pomegranate skins. The obtained data on inhibition of growth of A. flavus and biosynthesis of aflatoxin B1 were explained accounting for the presence of different synergetic effects of phenolic compounds on inhibition of different bioactivities. All the studied extracts (0.2 mg/mL) demonstrated the higher inhibition efficiency for S. aureus (up to ≈80%) as compared to E. coli (up to ≈33%). PEF selectively extracted and enhanced the recovery of ellagic acid (≈740 μg/g DM), whereas HVED (≈345 μg/g DM) intensified gallic acid extraction compared to US, IR, HVED and WB.
•HVED enhances the recovery of polyphenols as compared to US and PEF•HVED induces a strong damage of pomegranate skins•PEF recovers less polyphenols than HVED, but is more selective•HVED extracts inhibit the growth of A. flavus and the biosynthesis of aflatoxin B1•All extracts demonstrate higher inhibition for S. aureus as compared to E. coli
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•Ultrasound impact results from a synergy between mechanical damage and thermal effect.•Ultrasound fosters extraction of phenolic compounds by cavitation phenomenon.•Ultrasound ...required three times less treatment duration than water bath.•Increasing ultrasound power improved mass transfer coefficient by 15 times.•Electrical conductivity of extracts correlates positively with treatment temperature.
The influence of ultrasound treatment (US) on cellular damage of olive leaf tissue was studied. Mechanical damage and thermal effect of US were characterized. The level of tissue damage was defined by the diffusivity disintegration index ZD based on the diffusivity of solutes extracted from olive leaves differently treated. The Arrhenius form using the temperature dependences of the thermal treatment time within the temperature interval 20–90 °C was observed for the thermal process. The corresponding activation energy ΔUT was estimated as 57 kJ/mol. The temperature dependences of electrical conductivity were measured for extracts of intact and maximally treated olive leaves. Then the diffusivity disintegration index ZD and total phenolic compounds recovery for three studied US powers were calculated (100, 200, and 400 W). The results evidenced that the mechanically stimulated damage in olive leaf tissue can occur even at a low US power of 100 W if treatment time is long enough (t = 3.5 h). The US treatment noticeably accelerated the diffusion process mechanically in addition to its thermal effect. Trials in aqueous solution revealed the dependence of polyphenols extraction on damage level with respect to the US power applied.
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•IVDV pretreatment enhances the recovery of polyphenols from olive leaves.•IVDV induces a strong damage of olive leaves microscopic structure.•IVDV intensifies the recovery of ...oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol.•IVDV-treated leaves extracts demonstrated higher antioxidant activities compared to untreated leaves extracts.
Impact of the “Intensification of Vaporization by Decompression to the Vacuum” (IVDV) on extraction of polyphenols from olive leaves was investigated. Using Response Surface Methodology, the effect of three variables were studied: initial water content of leaves, processing time and steam pressure on total phenolic content (TPC). Extractions of TPC from leaves were achieved either using 100% water as a solvent (w100), or 50% (v/v) aqueous ethanol (w50). Following IVDV pretreatment, TPC yields were enhanced with both solvents by approximately 3 times compared to the negative controls. Furthermore, oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol were intensified by up to 600% and 238% respectively. Antioxidant-antiradical assays revealed higher activities, up to 3.5 times, in extracts from IVDV-treated leaves. Calculation of the extraction indices Zp, reflecting cellular damage, confirmed the beneficial effect of IVDV on the extraction yield. Finally, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) permitted the morphological observation of IVDV-treated as compared to untreated leaves.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is considered the most common sustained arrhythmia. Major cardiovascular risk factors that have been identified to initiate and perpetuate AF include age, sex, arterial ...hypertension, heart failure, valvular heart disease and diabetes mellitus. In the literature, several studies aimed to formulate easily - applied and accurate risk stratification scores, based on antecedent cardiovascular events, comorbidities and biomarkers for the prediction of new-onset AF. The present narrative review addresses the most universally accepted and efficient clinical scores, with an extended applicability in different populations and ages, particularly scores derived from the Framingham Heart Study, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities, the Malmo Diet and Cancer Study, as well as the CHARGE-AF, the CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc, HATCH and CH2EST scores. Identification of incident AF can be challenging, thus dictating for utilization of validated clinical instruments in everyday clinical practice.
An ecofriendly extraction technology using infrared (IR) irradiation Ired-Irrad® was applied to purple corn cobs to enhance polyphenol recovery for the first time. The IR extraction efficiency was ...compared to that of the water bath (WB) method. Response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design was conducted to determine the effect of the experimental conditions (extraction time and treatment temperature) and their interactions on the total polyphenol and anthocyanin yields. Optimal extraction of total phenolic compounds (37 mg GAE/g DM) and total monomeric anthocyanins (14 mg C3G/g DM) were obtained at 63 °C for 77 min using IR as an extraction technique and water as a solvent. HPLC revealed that the recovery of peonidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside was enhanced by 26% and 34%, respectively, when using IR. Finally, purple corn cobs’ spray-dried extract was proven to be an important natural colorant of pickled turnip. It offers great potential for use as a healthy alternative to the carcinogenic rhodamine B synthetic dye, which was banned.
Optimization of infrared-assisted extraction was conducted using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in order to intensify polyphenol recovery from olive leaves. The extraction efficiency using ...Ired-Irrad
, a newly-patented infrared apparatus (IR), was compared to water bath (WB) conventional extraction. Under optimal conditions, as suggested by the model and confirmed experimentally, the total phenolic content yield was enhanced by more than 30% using IR as contrasted to WB, which even required 27% more ethanol consumption. High Performance Liquid Chromatography analyses quantified the two major phenolic compounds of the leaves: Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, which were both intensified by 18% and 21%, respectively. IR extracts increased the antiradical activity by 25% and the antioxidant capacity by 51% compared to WB extracts. On the other hand, extracts of olive leaves obtained by both techniques exhibited equal effects regarding the inhibition of 20 strains of
with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) varying between 3.125 and 12.5 mg/mL. Similarly, both extracts inhibited Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) secretion by
, with no growth inhibition of the fungus. Finally, optimization using RSM allowed us to suggest other IR operating conditions aiming at significantly reducing the consumption of energy and solvent, while maintaining similar quantity and quality of phenolic compounds as what is optimally obtained using WB.
Current recommendations support a personalized sequential approach for cardiac rhythm monitoring to detect atrial fibrillation after embolic stroke of undetermined source. Several risk stratification ...scores have been proposed to predict the likelihood of atrial fibrillation after embolic stroke of undetermined source. This systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the field by identifying risk scores proposed for this purpose, assessing their characteristics and the cohorts in which they were developed and validated, and scrutinizing their predictive performance. We identified 11 risk scores, of which 4 were externally validated. The most frequent variables included were echocardiographic markers and demographics. The areas under the curve ranged between 0.70 and 0.94. The 3 scores with the highest area under the curve were the Decryptoring (0.94 95% CI, 0.88-1.00), newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation (0.87 95% CI, 0.79-0.94), and AF-ESUS (Atrial Fibrillation in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source) (0.85 95% CI, 0.80-0.87), of which only the latter was externally validated. Risk stratification scores can guide a personalized approach for cardiac rhythm monitoring after embolic stroke of undetermined source.
Olive leaves are naturally generated as a by-product during olive harvesting and olive oil production. Usually discarded with no specific use, they are a valuable source of bioactive compounds that ...should not be overlooked. Their valorization must therefore be achieved through the recovery of their polyphenols using an ecological strategy. Conventional extraction is commonly known as an energy- and solvent-consuming process, whereas emerging and innovative extraction technologies, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pulsed-electric-field-assisted extraction (PEF), high-voltage-electric-discharge-assisted extraction (HVED), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), infrared-assisted extraction (IAE), and “Intensification of Vaporization by Decompression to the Vacuum” (IVDV), are considered more sustainable and environmentally friendly. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive and updated overview of the valorization of olive leaves through both pretreatment and extraction techniques via an analysis of the recovered polyphenols and their potential applications.
While frailty corresponds to a multisystem failure, geriatric assessment can recognize multiple pathophysiological lesions and age changes. Up to now, a few frailty indexes have been introduced, ...presenting definitions of psychological problems, dysregulations in nutritional intake, behavioral abnormalities, and daily functions, genetic, environmental, and cardiovascular comorbidities. The geriatric evaluation includes a vast range of health professionals; therefore, we describe a broad range of applications and frailty scales-biomarkers to investigate and formulate the relationship between frailty lesions, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment. Additionally, artificial intelligence applications and computational tools are presented, targeting a more efficacy individualized geriatric management of healthy aging.
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