Three-dimensional (3-D) hyperintegration is an emerging technology, which vertically stacks and interconnects multiple materials, technologies, and functional components to form highly integrated ...micro-nano systems. This 3-D hyperintegration is expected to lead to an industry paradigm shift due to its tremendous benefits. Worldwide academic and industrial research activities currently focus on technology innovations, simulation and design, and product prototypes. Anticipated applications start with memory, handheld devices, and high-performance computers and extend to high-density multifunctional heterogeneous integration of InfoTech-NanoTech-BioTech systems. This paper overviews the 3-D hyperintegration and packaging technologies, including motivations, key technology platforms, status, and perspectives towards commercialization. The challenges associated with the 3-D technologies are addressed, including integration architectures and design tools, yield and cost, thermal and mechanical constraints, and manufacturing infrastructure.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2 infection) can lead to intensive care unit (ICU) admission and critical illness myopathy (CIM). We ...examined 3 ICU patients with COVID‐19 who required mechanical ventilation for pneumonia and developed CIM. Pathological examination of the skeletal muscle biopsies revealed myopathic changes consistent with CIM, variable inflammation with autophagic vacuoles, SARS‐CoV immunostaining + fibers/granules, and electron microscopy findings of mitochondrial abnormalities and coronavirus‐like particles. Although mitochondrial dysfunction with compromised energy production is a critical pathogenic mechanism of non‐COVID‐19‐associated CIM, in our series of COVID‐19‐associated CIM, myopathic changes including prominent mitochondrial damage suggest a similar mechanism and association with direct SARS‐CoV‐2 muscle infection. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:568–574
Effective capture of radioactive iodine is of paramount importance for the safe and long‐term storage of fission products in the nuclear fuel cycle. Herein, a series of functionalized Th‐UiO‐66 MOFs ...was employed as a model to investigate the effects of substituents on iodine adsorption in both solution and vapor states. Sorption studies revealed that the electro‐donating amino group exhibits the most positive role on increasing the removal rate of iodine from cyclohexane and the uptake capacity of iodine vapor. Particularly, the disubstituted Th‐UiO‐66‐(NH2)2 can effectively remove 91.9 % of iodine (300 mg L−1) from cyclohexane and capture 969 mg g−1 iodine vapor, significantly higher than 59.6 % and 334 mg g−1 of untagged Th‐UiO‐66, respectively. In addition, the substituent effect on the radiolytic stability of MOFs was for the first time investigated, leading to the unearthing of one of the most radioresistant MOFs Th‐UiO‐66‐NH2 reported to date.
A systematic study on the effects of aromatic substitution on iodine adsorption was performed by employing Th‐UiO‐66 as a platform, giving rise to the disubstituted Th‐UiO‐66‐(NH2)2 with the best iodine sorption performance. Moreover, aromatic substitution was employed as a new strategy to enhance the radioresistance of MOFs.
Radiation dosimeters displaying conspicuous response of irradiance are highly desirable, owing to the growing demand of monitoring high-energy radiation and environmental exposure. Herein, we present ...a case of dosimetry based on a discrete nanocluster, Th
(OH)
(O)
(H
O)
(TPC)
(HCOO)
∙4DMF∙H
O (Th-SINAP-100), by judiciously incorporating heavy Th
polynuclear centers as radiation attenuator and organic linkers as photo-responsive sensor. Interestingly, dual-module photochromic transitions upon multiple external stimuli including UV, β-ray, and γ-ray are integrated into this single material. The striking color change, and more significantly, the visible color transition of luminescence in response to accumulating radiation dose allow an on-site quantitative platform for naked-eye detection of ionization radiations over a broad range (1-80 kGy). Single crystal X-ray diffraction and density functional theory calculations reveal that the dual-module photochromism can be attributed to the π(TPC) → π*(TPC) intermolecular charge transfer driven by enhanced π-π stacking interaction between the adjacent TPC moieties upon irradiation.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS of unknown cause that remains incurable. Inflammasome-associated caspases mediate the maturation and release of ...the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 and activate the pore-forming protein gasdermin D (GSDMD). Inflammatory programmed cell death, pyroptosis, was recently shown to be mediated by GSDMD. Here, we report molecular evidence for GSDMD-mediated inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in both myeloid cells (macrophages/microglia) and, unexpectedly, in myelin-forming oligodendrocytes (ODCs) in the CNS of patients with MS and in the MS animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We observed inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in human microglia and ODCs in vitro after exposure to inflammatory stimuli and demonstrate caspase-1 inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor VX-765 in both cell types. GSDMD inhibition by siRNA transduction suppressed pyroptosis in human microglia. VX-765 treatment of EAE animals reduced the expression of inflammasome- and pyroptosis-associated proteins in the CNS, prevented axonal injury, and improved neurobehavioral performance. Thus, GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in select glia cells is a previously unrecognized mechanism of inflammatory demyelination and represents a unique therapeutic opportunity for mitigating the disease process in MS and other CNS inflammatory diseases.
Monitoring and shielding of X‐ray radiation are of paramount importance across diverse fields. However, they are frequently realized in separate protocols and a single material integrating both ...functions remained elusive. Herein, a hexanuclear cluster Th6(µ3‐OH)4(µ3‐O)4(H2O)6(pba)6(HCOO)6 (Th‐pba‐0D) incorporating high‐Z thorium cations and 3‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)benzoate ligands that can function as a brand‐new dual‐module platform for visible detection and efficient shielding of ionizing radiation is demonstrated. Th‐pba‐0D exhibits rather unique reversible radiochromism upon alternating X‐ray and UV irradiation. Moreover, the millimeter scale crystal size of Th‐pba‐0D renders the penetration depth of X‐ray visible to naked eye and leads to the unearthing of its high X‐ray attenuation efficiency. Indeed, the shielding efficacy of Th‐pba‐0D is comparable to that of lead glass containing 40% PbO, and a Th‐pba‐0D pellet with a thickness of merely 1.2 mm can shield 99.73% X‐ray (16 keV). These studies portend the possible utilization of thorium‐bearing materials as a bifunctional platform for radiation detection and shielding.
A bifunctional platform for X‐ray detection and shielding is realized by stepwise crystallization of millimeter‐scale single crystals of a radiochromic thorium cluster, which incorporates high‐Z thorium cations and 3‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)benzoate ligands.
The cloud model, which can synthetically describe the randomness and fuzziness of qualitative concepts and implement uncertain transformations between a qualitative concept and its quantitative ...instantiations, has attracted considerable attention from researchers studying multi-criteria group decision-making problems involving linguistic information. In this paper, some operations of clouds and several new aggregation operators are proposed. These include the cloud weighted arithmetic averaging (CWAA) operator, cloud-ordered weighted arithmetic averaging (COWA) operator, and cloud hybrid arithmetic (CHA) operator. The conversion between linguistic variables and clouds is introduced. Based on this conversion, a linguistic multi-criteria group decision-making method is developed. In this method, linguistic variables are first converted into clouds and then aggregated using cloud aggregation operators. The proposed method is then compared to the existing methods to confirm its feasibility and rationality.
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