Purpose The present paper assessed the validity of single-item life satisfaction measures by comparing single-item measures to the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)—a more psychometrically ...established measure. Methods Two large samples from Washington (N = 13,064) and Oregon (N = 2,277) recruited by the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and a representative German sample (N = 1,312) recruited by the Germany Socio-Economic Panel were included in the present analyses. Single-item life satisfaction measures and the SWLS were correlated with theoretically relevant variables, such as demographics, subjective health, domain satisfaction, and affect. The correlations between the two life satisfaction measures and these variables were examined to assess the construct validity of single-item life satisfaction measures. Results Consistent across three samples, single-item life satisfaction measures demonstrated substantial degree of criterion validity with the SWLS (zero-order r = 0.62–0.64; disattenuated r = 0.78–0.80). Patterns of statistical significance for correlations with theoretically relevant variables were the same across single-item measures and the SWLS. Single-item measures did not produce systematically different correlations compared to the SWLS (average difference = 0.001–0.005). The average absolute difference in the magnitudes of the correlations produced by single-item measures and the SWLS was very small (average absolute difference = 0.015–0.042). Conclusions Single-item life satisfaction measures performed very similarly compared to the multiple-item SWLS. Social scientists would get virtually identical answer to substantive questions regardless of which measure they use.
Astronomical calculations reveal the Solar System's dynamical evolution, including its chaoticity, and represent the backbone of cyclostratigraphy and astrochronology. An absolute, fully calibrated ...astronomical time scale has hitherto been hampered beyond ~50 million years before the present (Ma) because orbital calculations disagree before that age. Here, we present geologic data and a new astronomical solution (ZB18a) showing exceptional agreement from ~58 to 53 Ma. We provide a new absolute astrochronology up to 58 Ma and a new Paleocene-Eocene boundary age (56.01 ± 0.05 Ma). We show that the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) onset occurred near a 405-thousand-year (kyr) eccentricity maximum, suggesting an orbital trigger. We also provide an independent PETM duration (170 ± 30 kyr) from onset to recovery inflection. Our astronomical solution requires a chaotic resonance transition at ~50 Ma in the Solar System's fundamental frequencies.
Diener (2000) proposed that National Accounts of Well-Being be created to complement existing economic and social indicators that reflect the quality of life in nations. These national accounts can ...provide valuable information to policymakers and other leaders. Systematic measurement of subjective well-being provides novel information about the quality of life in societies, and it allows for the accumulation of detailed information regarding the circumstances that are associated with high subjective well-being. Thus, accounts of subjective well-being can help decision makers evaluate policies that improve societies beyond economic development. Progress with well-being accounts has been notable: Prestigious scientific and international institutions have recommended the creation of such national accounts, and these recommendations have been adopted in some form in over 40 nations. In addition, increasing research into policy-relevant questions reveals the importance of the accounts for policy. Psychologists can enlarge their role in the formulation and adoption of policies by actively studying and using accounts of subjective well-being to evaluate and support the policies they believe are needed.
Life Events and Personality Trait Change Bleidorn, Wiebke; Hopwood, Christopher J.; Lucas, Richard E.
Journal of personality,
February 2018, Letnik:
86, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Objective
Theory and research have emphasized the impact of life events on personality trait change. In this article, we review prospective research on personality trait change in response to nine ...major life events in the broader domains of love and work.
Method
We expected to find that life events lead to personality trait change to the extent that they have a lasting influence on individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Moreover, we predicted that love‐related life events such as marriage or parenthood would be more strongly related to changes in traits that emphasize affective content, whereas work‐related life events would be more likely to lead to change in traits that reflect behavioral or cognitive content.
Results
The current state of research provided some evidence that life events can lead to changes in personality traits and that different life events may be differently related to specific trait domains.
Conclusions
A more general conclusion emerging from this review is that the evidence for the nature, shape, and timing of personality trait change in response to life events is still preliminary. We discuss the implications of the results for theory and research and provide directions for future studies on life events and personality trait change.
Previous research has shown that having rich neighbors is associated with reduced levels of subjective well-being, an effect that is likely due to social comparison. The current study examined the ...role of income inequality as a moderator of this relative income effect. Multilevel analyses were conducted on a sample of more than 1.7 million people from 2,425 counties in the United States. Results showed that higher income inequality was associated with stronger relative income effects. In other words, people were more strongly influenced by the income of their neighbors when income inequality was high.
Subjective well-being (SWB) is an extremely active area of research with about 170,000 articles and books published on the topic in the past 15 years. Methodological and theoretical advances have ...been notable in this period of time, with the increasing use of longitudinal and experimental designs allowing for a greater understanding of the predictors and outcomes that relate to SWB, along with the process that underlie these associations. In addition, theories about these processes have become more intricate, as findings reveal that many associations with SWB depend on people's culture and values and the context in which they live. This review provides an overview of many major areas of research, including the measurement of SWB, the demographic and personality-based predictors of SWB, and process-oriented accounts of individual differences in SWB. In addition, because a major new focus in recent years has been the development of national accounts of subjective well-being, we also review attempts to use SWB measures to guide policy decisions.
Previous
research has shown that major life events can have short- and long-term effects
on subjective well-being (SWB). The present meta-analysis examines (a) whether
life events have different ...effects on affective and cognitive well-being and (b)
how the rate of adaptation varies across different life events. Longitudinal
data from 188 publications (313 samples, N = 65,911) were
integrated to describe the reaction and adaptation to 4 family events (marriage,
divorce, bereavement, childbirth) and 4 work events (unemployment, reemployment,
retirement, relocation/migration). The findings show that life events have very
different effects on affective and cognitive well-being and that for most events
the effects of life events on cognitive well-being are stronger and more
consistent across samples. Different life events differ in their effects on SWB,
but these effects are not a function of the alleged desirability of events. The
results are discussed with respect to their theoretical implications, and
recommendations for future studies on adaptation are given.
Stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic storage sites containing translationally silenced mRNPs that can be released to resume translation after stress subsides. We previously showed that poliovirus 3C ...proteinase cleaves the SG-nucleating protein G3BP1, blocking the ability of cells to form SGs late in infection. Many other viruses also target G3BP1 and inhibit SG formation, but the reasons why these functions evolved are unclear. Previously, we also showed a link between G3BP1-induced SGs and protein kinase R (PKR)-mediated translational control, but the mechanism of PKR interplay with SG and the antiviral consequences are unknown. Here, we show that G3BP1 exhibits antiviral activity against several enteroviruses, whereas truncated G3BP1 that cannot form SGs does not. G3BP1-induced SGs are linked to activation of innate immune transcriptional responses through NF-κB and JNK. The G3BP1-induced SGs also recruit PKR and other antiviral proteins. We show that the PXXP domain within G3BP1 is essential for the recruitment of PKR to SGs, for eIF2α phosphorylation driven by PKR, and for nucleating SGs of normal composition. We also show that deletion of the PXXP domain in G3BP1 compromises its antiviral activity. These findings tie PKR activation to its recruitment to SGs by G3BP1 and indicate that G3BP1 promotes innate immune responses at both the transcriptional and translational levels and integrates cellular stress responses and innate immunity.
Stress granules appear during virus infection, and their importance is not well understood. Previously, it was assumed that they were nonfunctional artifacts associated with cellular stress. PKR is a well-known antiviral protein; however, its regulation in cells is not well understood. Our work links cellular stress granules with activation of PKR and other innate immune pathways through the activity of G3BP1, a critical stress granule component. The ability of stress granules and G3BP1 to activate PKR and other innate immune transcriptional responses indicates that G3BP1 is an antiviral protein. This work helps to refine a longstanding paradigm indicating stress granules are inert structures and explains why G3BP1 is subverted by many viruses to promote a productive infection.
Hedonic adaptation refers to the process by which individuals return to baseline levels of happiness following a change in life circumstances. Dominant models of subjective well-being (SWB) suggest ...that people can adapt to almost any life event and that happiness levels fluctuate around a biologically determined set point that rarely changes. Recent evidence from large-scale panel studies challenges aspects of this conclusion. Although inborn factors certainly matter and some adaptation does occur, events such as divorce, death of a spouse, unemployment, and disability are associated with lasting changes in SWB. These recent studies also show that there are considerable individual differences in the extent to which people adapt. Thus, happiness levels do change, and adaptation is not inevitable.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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