The electronic systems of modern high-energy physics detectors are generally built with electromagnetic compatibility issues as an important part of the requirements driving the design of the ...detector. The CMS experiment at CERN has an appreciable amount of electronic infrastructure not usually found in previous generations of high-energy physics detectors. Over more than a year of CMS running, we have had the opportunity to observe several instances of unexpected interactions with infrastructure electronics. This paper will examine some mechanisms and consequences of these interactions, as well as considering the coordination of infrastructure and detector electronics design.
The Lattice of Lambda Theories Lusin, Stefania; Salibra, Antonino
Journal of logic and computation,
06/2004, Letnik:
14, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Lambda theories are equational extensions of the untyped lambda calculus that are closed under derivation. The set of lambda theories is naturally equipped with a structure of complete lattice, where ...the meet of a family of lambda theories is their intersection, and the join is the least lambda theory containing their union. In this paper we study the structure of the lattice of lambda theories by universal algebraic methods. We show that nontrivial quasi-identities in the language of lattices hold in the lattice of lambda theories, while every nontrivial lattice identity fails in the lattice of lambda theories if the language of lambda calculus is enriched by a suitable finite number of constants. We also show that there exists a sublattice of the lattice of lambda theories which satisfies: (i) a restricted form of distributivity, called meet semidistributivity; and (ii) a nontrivial identity in the language of lattices enriched by the relative product of binary relations.
The CDF plug upgrade electromagnetic calorimeter: test beam results Albrow, M.; Aota, S.; Apollinari, G. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
03/2002, Letnik:
480, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The CDF Plug Upgrade calorimeter, which fully exploits the tile–fiber technique, was tested at the Fermilab meson beamline. The calorimeter was exposed to positron, positively charged pion and ...positive muon beams with energies in the range of 5–
230
GeV
. The energy resolution of the electromagnetic calorimeter to the positron beam is consistent with the design value of
16%/
E
⊕1%
, where E is the energy in units of GeV and ⊕ represents sum in quadrature. The non-linearity for positrons is studied in an energy range of 11–
181
GeV
. It is important to incorporate the response of the preshower detector, the first layer of the electromagnetic calorimeter which is readout separately, into that of the calorimeter to reduce the non-linearity to 1% or less. The energy scale is about
1.46
pC/
GeV
with HAMAMATSU R4125 operated typically at a gain of 2.5×10
4. The response non-uniformity over the surface of a tower of the electromagnetic calorimeter is found to be about 2% with
57
GeV
positrons. Studies of several detailed detector characteristics are also presented.
Plotkin has conjectured that there exists an absolutely unorderable combinatory algebra, namely a combinatory algebra which cannot be embedded in another combinatory algebra admitting a nontrivial ...compatible partial order. In this paper we prove that a wide class of combinatory algebras admits extensions with a nontrivial compatible partial order.
Aging tests of full-scale CMS muon cathode strip chambers Acosta, D.; Apollinari, G.; Arisaka, K. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
12/2003, Letnik:
515, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Two CMS production Cathode Strip Chambers were tested for aging effects in a high-radiation environment at the Gamma Irradiation Facility at CERN. The chambers were irradiated over a large area: in ...total, about 2.1
m
2 or 700
m of wire in each chamber. The 40% Ar+50% CO
2+10% CF
4 gas mixture was provided by an open-loop gas system for one of the chambers and by a closed-loop re-circulating gas system for the other. After an accumulation of 0.3–0.4
C/cm of a wire, equivalent to about 30–50 years of operation at peak LHC luminosity, no significant changes in gas gain, chamber efficiency and wire signal noise were observed for either of the two chambers. The only consistent signs of aging were a small increase in dark current from ∼2 to ∼10
nA per plane of 600 wires and a decrease of strip-to-strip resistance from 1000 to 10–100
GΩ. Disassembly of the chambers revealed deposits on the cathode planes, while the anode wires remained fairly clean.
The article discusses specific features of oilfield services company functioning as a part of Russian oilfield services which are the driver of Russian oil-and-gas industry. The key features of the ...formation of the Russian oilfield services market are noted as follows: a short time of formation in comparison with evolution of the worldwide oilfield services market and high turbulence of the business environment together with characteristic sighs of the oilfield services companies such as high degree of innovation and advanced management. The purpose of study is justification of influence factors and key risks for sustainable economic development of oilfield services company under dynamically changing external conditions. The main theoretical ideas about the construction of business models of the company are analyzed and the definitions of such basic terms as sustainability and sustainable development are considered. The oilfield services company definition as an open complicated industrial and economic system with multilevel internal links was done. The possibility of applying classical concepts of the theory of stability of economic systems to oilfield services market objects is estimated. The key factors are identified and the effects of the external economic environment are generalized, the assessment of the possibility of using various types of well-known business models for the oilfield services company is given. The characteristic features of the oilfield services business are analyzed as follows: advanced technological level of production, innovation and unique competencies of staff from the view of ensuring competitive advantages between the oil-and-gas industry and identified risk-factors of the sustainable development. It’s identified that the economical efficiency of the oilfield services company business models is provided by its opportunities in the external environment and the internal unique production resources, ability to adapt for changes, flexibility of management systems, dynamic information integrity, contractual capacity and high level of management responsibility.
The COVID-19 pandemic has threatened human safety and well-being, has outlined new requirements for the functioning of sectors of the economy and social sphere that directly determine the conditions ...of life, and has required timely comprehension of the COVID-19 pandemic consequences as part of updating the measures of social and economic support. Assessing the impact of the current crisis situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the labor markets of circumpolar countries was the purpose of this study. The objectives of the study included an analysis of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economies of circumpolar countries, an analysis of governmental measures to mitigate the socio-economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, an analysis of employment and unemployment rates in 2019–2020, and a rationale for the role of government in reducing social tensions in Arctic labor markets. The labor markets of regions whose territories are fully attributed to the Russian Arctic, as well as labor markets of the Arctic territories of Canada, the United States, Norway, Finland and Sweden were the object of this study. As a result of the study, it was determined that the greatest decline was observed in consumer demand-oriented sectors of the economy. It has been revealed that the labor markets have been negatively affected by the decline in the number of small and medium-sized businesses and individual entrepreneurs. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by a special assessment of the cumulative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and governmental measures to limit its spread on employment and unemployment indicators that identify trends in Arctic labor markets. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its main conclusions are aimed at updating the measures of employment regulation in the labor markets of the Russian Arctic. The prospects for further research are determined by the long-term nature of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for the Arctic economies and the formation of appropriate proposals and recommendations for adapting labor markets in the Russian Arctic to the emerging situation.
The article discusses the key challenges associated with the economic development of the oilfield service industry within the climatic, geological, and infrastructural conditions of the Arctic. The ...evaluation of the Arctic's contribution to the total hydrocarbon production in Russia is an important research problem, which is particularly relevant amidst the current international political tensions. The study aims to unveil aspects of research and development (R&D) prospects of oilfield services in Russia's Arctic regions and adjacent territories. The research identifies characteristic features of economic development associated with economic activity risks. These include infrastructure and technological constraints linked to the distance from federal R&D and industrial centers; insufficient financial resources and experience for large project implementation by local authorities; the intricacy and labor intensity of work, coupled with a shortage of specialists possessing the necessary skills. The study establishes that the complexity of developing Arctic oil and gas fields is mitigated by the application of innovations and highlights the vulnerability of domestic companies to import supplies, which are currently inaccessible due to Western sanctions. The results presented offer a comprehensive view of the promising facets of the innovation-driven and technological development of the oilfield services industry in the Arctic. They propose specific measures geared towards enhancing production efficiency in the oil and gas and oilfield services sectors for implementation by the government. The study's conclusions constitute its scientific novelty and affirm that the sector under consideration is characterized by the following aspects: 1) the demanding nature of work necessitating substantial financial assets and professional competencies of often scarce labor market participants, alongside the utilization of innovative technologies to curtail production costs; and 2) a constrained pool of oil and gas market participants diminishing competition in the oilfield services market and enabling vertically integrated oil companies to dictate prices to service organizations, thus limiting opportunities for the industry's innovation-driven and technological development. The study's conclusions hold significant practical potential and are recommended for incorporation into territorial, regional, and federal programs for the social and economic development of Arctic regions. These findings contribute to the innovation-driven and technological revitalization of the oilfield services industry, an integral element in developing the resource base of Northern territories. Additionally, they provide avenues for further scientific exploration, delving into logistic, financial, technological, corporate, and other economic aspects specific to participants in forthcoming development processes.
Design features and test results of the CMS endcap muon chambers Acosta, D; Apollinari, G; Arisaka, K ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
11/2002, Letnik:
494, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Presented are the main design features and performance results of the Cathode Strip Chambers for the CMS Endcap Muon system. Although the strips are unusually wide (up to
16
mm
) for the ...cathode-to-anode wire distance of
5
mm
, the six-plane structure of these chambers yields a spatial resolution of about
80
μm
, essentially uniform and independent of the strip width. In addition, the net spatial resolution of about one-tenth of the strip width at the hardware trigger level
(300
ns)
is obtained using a simple network of comparators. Time resolution achieved at the trigger level is
∼4
ns
(rms) that allows unambiguous tagging of bunch crossings which occur every
25
ns
. Aging test results, including those obtained with a recirculating gas system, are discussed; only minor aging affects were observed. The aging studies were performed with large-scale chambers;
700
m
of wire were irradiated for a dose up to
0.4
C/
cm
of the total accumulated charge.
The article discusses the basic concepts and principles of clean (green) energy and the reasons for the transition of the global industrial industry to renewable energy sources. Decarbonization trend ...in the world economy is said to complicate the prospects of the Russian oilfield services, and the task is to determine the possibilities for its sustainable development. To achieve this goal, the current level and the prospects of green energy were analyzed, the problems associated with the transition to renewable energy sources were examined, various ways of the oil and gas business development have been identified. It is established that the current renewable energy sources contribution to the global energy balance is 5 %. However, the policy of economic stimulation for industry decarbonization, which is observed by the industrially developed countries, ensures doubling of the established renewable capacity every four years. The key problems arising from the transition to the renewable energy are revealed, with the main being storage, non-stop energy supply, and the high price of generation products. The paper focuses on the Russian energy industry features which are characterized with the extensive supply of the traditional cheap natural sources, including gas, oil, coal, hydro resources, nuclear power. The transition time to renewable energy is found to be at least 50 years when hydrocarbons remain to be the main source of energy generation. The prospects of sustainable development of the Russian oilfield services are as follows: integration of high technology and new innovation methods of searching, exploration, development, and exploitation of the hydro carbonated deposits; substitution of imported technologies and equipment with the domestic ones; government support of the industry and diversification towards decarbonization energy.
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