The purpose of present work was to investigate the antioxidant activity of oligosaccharides from mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) and cultivated ginseng (CG). The antioxidant activity of total ...oligosaccharides from MCG and CG were compared preliminary. And then, the total oligosaccharides of MCG, which displayed stronger activity than that of CG, were separated by Carbon–Celite column and eluted with water and ethanol of different concentrations (30%, 50%, 70%, 95%, v/v). Five fractions, MCGOS-H2O, MCGOS-30, MCGOS-50, MCGOS-70, MCGOS-95, were obtained. Seven oligosaccharides were purified from MCGOS-30–MCGOS-95. The structure features of oligosaccharides (MCGO-1–MCGO-7) were characterized using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), methylation and gas chromatography-mass (GC–MS), as well as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ABTS radical scavenging assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power assay were adopted for antioxidant activity of all the different oligosaccharides sub-fraction. The result showed that the fractions of MCGOS-70 and MCGOS-95 exhibited significant radical scavenging activity with DPPH and ABTS. In conclusion, the oligosaccharides from MCG possessed the significant antioxidant activity. Therefore, we propose that the oligosaccharides from Panax ginseng can be developed as natural antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical fields.
•Investigation of the antioxidant activity of oligosaccharides from different cultivation methods•Total oligosaccharides of Mountain cultivated ginseng possessed better antioxidant activity than cultivated ginseng•70% ethanol elution and 95% ethanol elution from a Carbon–Celite column exhibited significant antioxidant activity•Preliminarily discussed the antioxidant mechanism of Panax ginseng oligosaccharides
Persulfate (PS)-based oxidation technology is efficient in removing refractory organics from water. A novel diatomite (DIA) support Fe and Ce composite (Fe-Ce/DIA) was prepared for activating ...persulfate to degrade tetracycline in water. The Fe and Ce were uniformly loaded on DIA, and the total pore size of Fe-Ce/DIA was 6.99 × 10
cm
/g, and the average pore size was 12.06 nm. Fe-Ce/DIA presented a good catalytic activity and 80% tetracycline was removed under the persulfate system. The Fe-Ce/DIA also had photocatalytic activity, and the corresponding tetracycline removal efficiency was 86% under UV irradiation. Fe-Ce/DIA exhibited less iron dissolution rate compared with Fe-DIA. The tetracycline degradation rate was enhanced when the temperature increased. The optimal tetracycline removal efficiency was obtained when the conditions were of persulfate 10 mM, Fe-Ce/DIA dosage 0.02 g/L, and tetracycline concentration 50 mg/L. In addition, Fe-Ce/DIA showed a wide pH application and good reusability and stability.
Aging, a complex biological process, plays key roles the development of multiple disorders referred as aging-related diseases involving cardiovascular diseases, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, ...cancers, lipid metabolism-related diseases. ADP-ribosylation is a reversible modification onto proteins and nucleic acids to alter their structures and/or functions. Growing evidence support the importance of ADP-ribosylation and ADP-ribosylation-associated enzymes in aging and age-related diseases. In this review, we summarized ADP-ribosylation-associated proteins including ADP-ribosyl transferases, the ADP-ribosyl hydrolyses and ADP-ribose binding domains. Furthermore, we outlined the latest knowledge about regulation of ADP-ribosylation in the pathogenesis and progression of main aging-related diseases, organism aging and cellular senescence, and we also speculated the underlying mechanisms to better disclose this novel molecular network. Moreover, we discussed current issues and provided an outlook for future research, aiming to revealing the unknown bio-properties of ADP-ribosylation, and establishing a novel therapeutic perspective in aging-related diseases and health aging via targeting ADP-ribosylation.
•ADP-ribosylation, a reversible modification, is controlled by ARTs, hydrolases and ADP-ribose binding domains.•ADP-ribosylation plays essential roles in the pathogenesis and progression of various aging-related diseases.•ADP-ribosylation functions as a double-edged sword in organisms aging and cellular senescence.•Future investigations need to reveal the unknown properties of ADP-ribosylation during aging processes.
The cause of liver damage by using black cohosh preparation has been concerned but remains unclear. After a preliminary investigation, the black cohosh medicinal materials sold in the market were ...adulterated with Asian cohosh (Cimicifuga) without removing the fibrous roots. The safety of Cimicifuga rhizome and fibrous roots is unknown and has not been reported. Therefore, in this paper, the rhizome and fibrous roots of
(Turcz.) Maxim (
) were completely separated, extracted with 70% ethanol, and freeze-dried to obtain crude rhizome extract (RC) and fibrous roots extract (FRC). UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to identify 39 compounds in the rhizome and fibrous roots of Cimicifuga, mainly saponins and phenolic acids. In the L-02 cytotoxicity experiment, the IC
of fibrous roots (1.26 mg/mL) was slightly lower than that of rhizomes (1.417 mg/mL). In the 90-day sub-chronic toxicity study, the FRC group significantly increased the level of white blood cells, ALP, ALT, AST, BILI and CHOL (
< 0.05); large area of granular degeneration and balloon degeneration occurred in liver tissue; and the expression of p-NF-kB in the nucleus increased in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, Fibrous roots of Cimicifuga are at risk of hepatotoxicity and should be strictly controlled and removed during the processing.
Background
Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease mainly caused by the disorder of metabolism, which has become huge threat to human health. Polysaccharides are the main active substance from
...Inonotus obliquus (I. obliquus)
with hypoglycemic effect. This study aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity and investigate the molecular mechanism of
I. obliquus
polysaccharide (IOP) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice using metabolomics based on UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS method.
Results
The results showed that the oral administration of IOP in high dose (1.2 g/kg) can significantly reduce the blood glucose with 31% reduction comparing with the diabetic model and relieve dyslipidemia in diabetic mice. By UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS method and multivariate statistical analysis, a total of 15 differential metabolites were identified, including 4 up-regulated and 11 down-regulated biomarkers, of which
l
-tryptophan,
l
-leucine, uric acid, 12-HETE, arachidonic acid, PC(20:1(11Z)/14:1(9Z)) and SM(d18:0/24:1(15Z)) were exhibited an important variation, as the potential biomarkers in diabetes. Pathway analysis indicated that phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis and arachidonic acid metabolism were prone to interference in diabetes. Moreover, leucine and proline were reversed and phytosphingosine was further reduced in diabetic mice under the intervention of IOP.
Conclusion
IOP has predominant hyperglycemic effect on STZ-induced diabetic mice via ameliorating serum profiling.
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•MCGAPs is a potential anti-fatigue nutrient.•MCGAPs can eliminate the excessive accumulation of metabolites.•MCGAPs can relieve oxidative stress damage.•MCGAPs can modify the ...kinetics of energy substrates mobilization.•MCGAPs relieved fatigue by regulating AMPK axis signaling pathway.
Ginseng is usually considered as a functional food and herbal medicine, and it has anti-fatigue activity, which is of great attention and expectation. Based on the comparison of Mountain Cultivated Ginseng (MCG) with Cultivated Ginseng (CG), this study aimed to explore the material basis and mechanism of Ginseng in anti-fatigue effects. The results showed that the Mountain Cultivated Ginseng acidic polysaccharides (MCGAPs) had obvious advantages, which significantly prolonged the fatigue tolerance time, alleviated the accumulation of BLA, LDH, BUN and MDA, increased the activities of SOD, CAT and CK, regulated glycolysis and alleviated muscle fiber contraction. It also significantly upregulated the expression of AMPK axis related proteins in mice muscle. Preliminary results exhibited the anti-fatigue effect of MCG was significantly better than CG, which was mainly due to the difference of acidic polysaccharide. The findings supported the potential of MCGAPs to be used as a functional ingredient for anti-fatigue.
Four new special compounds with character of an iriflophene unit and a flavonoid unit connecting via a furan ring were isolated from the roots of
L. Their corresponding structures were elucidated on ...the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The in vitro anti-proliferative activities against BXPC-3, A549, and MCF-7 tumor cell lines were evaluated. Compounds
and
exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities with IC
ranging from 24.84 to 37.22 μmol L
, which was capable for further drug exploration.
In order to optimize the extraction conditions of anthocyanins from Rosa davurica Pall. and investigate its antioxidant activity, single-factor experiment, Placket-Bumrman design, Box-Behnken ...analysis associated with ultrasonic extraction method were adopted. The antioxidant activity of anthocyanins from Rosa davurica Pall. were investigated by various methods, such as removal DPPH radical, \begin{document}${\rm{O}}_2^-\cdot $\end{document} radical, ABTS+ racial. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions were as follows: Solid-liquid ratio was 1:15 g·mL−1, ultrasonic temperature was 50 ℃, ethanol volume was 60%, ultrasonic time was 30 min, pH was 2, and extraction times was 2. The content anthocyanins of Rosa davurica Pall. was 185.033 mg·100 g−1. The antioxidant activity was measured with IC50 and the results showed that the removal ability to DPPH free radical, superoxide anion free radical, ABTS+ free racial of the anthocyanins was 2.299, 1.902, 8.993 mg·mL−1, respectively. The technology i
The functional alterations of proteins and nucleic acids mainly rely on their modifications. ADP-ribosylation is a NAD
-dependent modification of proteins and, in some cases, of nucleic acids. This ...modification is broadly categorized as Mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation (MARylation) or poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation). MARylation catalyzed by mono(ADP-ribosyl) transferases (MARTs) is more common in cells and the number of MARTs is much larger than poly(ADP-ribosyl) transferases. Unlike PARylation is well-characterized, research on MARylation is at the starting stage. However, growing evidence demonstrate the cellular functions of MARylation, supporting its potential roles in human health and diseases. In this review, we outlined MARylation-associated proteins including MARTs, the ADP-ribosyl hydrolyses and ADP-ribose binding domains. We summarized up-to-date findings about MARylation onto newly identified substrates including protein, DNA and RNA, and focused on the functions of these reactions in pathophysiological conditions as well as speculated the potential mechanisms. Furthermore, new strategies of MARylation detection and the current state of MARTs inhibitors were discussed. We also provided an outlook for future study, aiming to revealing the unknown biological properties of MARylation and its relevant mechanisms, and establish a novel therapeutic perspective in human diseases.
Ginseng Radix et Rhizome, which originated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, has been used as traditional medicine in Asian for >2000 years. It is famous for its healthcare and therapeutic effects. ...Phytochemistry studies revealed that the major components of P. ginseng are: ginsenosides, polysaccharides, small peptides and essential oil. Modern research has proved that polysaccharide is one of the most important active ingredients in P. ginseng, which also takes up the largest slice of the chemical components. However, the past research was heavily oriented towards the small molecular ginsenosides. Thus, the main purpose of the present review is to summarize the preparation process, structure and biological functions of P. ginseng polysaccharides for further science research and application in medicine.
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