OBJECTIVE:The prospective relationship between cross-country skiing and hypertension is uncertain. We aimed to assess the associations of leisure time cross-country skiing habits with incident ...hypertension in a general population.
METHODS:The frequency, average duration, and intensity of leisure cross-country skiing were assessed at baseline using a 12-month physical activity questionnaire in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease prospective study of 1809 middle-aged men without hypertension. Hazard ratios 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.
RESULTS:New onset diagnosis of hypertension was observed in 279 participants during a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 24.7 (18.1–26.8) years. Total volume and duration of cross-country skiing were continuously associated with hypertension risk. In analyses adjusted for hypertension risk factors, when compared with men with no cross-country skiing activity, the hazard ratios (95% CIs) of incident hypertension were 0.75 (0.57–0.99) and 0.57 (0.41–0.79) for men who did 1–200 and more than 200 MET hours/year of cross-country skiing, respectively. Compared with men with no cross-country skiing activity, the corresponding adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) for incident hypertension were 0.72 (0.55–0.94) and 0.62 (0.44–0.86) for men who did 1–60 min/week and more than 60 min/week of cross-country skiing, respectively. In subsidiary analyses, there were age-adjusted associations of cross-country skiing habits with risk of stroke and acute coronary events, but these were attenuated on further adjustment for several confounders. Cross-country skiing habits were associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.
CONCLUSION:Total volume as well as duration of leisure time cross-country skiing are each continuously, inversely, and independently associated with future risk of hypertension in a white male population.
Abstract Background Physical fitness along with lifestyle factors may have important roles in the prevention of cancer. We examined the relationship between common lifestyle factors such as energy ...expenditure, physical activity and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max ), nutrition and smoking habits and the risk of cancer. Methods A population-based cohort study was carried out in 2268 men from Eastern Finland with no history of cancer. They were followed up for an average of 16.7 years. The outcome measures were cancer incidence ( n = 387) and cancer mortality ( n = 159). Results Men with VO2max of more than 33.2 mL/kg/min (highest tertile) had 27% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56–0.97) decreased cancer incidence and 37% (95% CI 0.40–0.97) reduced cancer mortality than men with VO2max of less than 26.9 mL/kg/min (lowest tertile) after adjustment for age, examination year, alcohol, smoking, socioeconomic status, waist-to-hip ratio and energy, fibre and fat intake. The risk reduction was mainly due to decreased risk of lung cancer in fit men. The adjusted risk of cancer was 0.73 (95% CI 0.55–0.98) among fit (VO2max ⩾ 26.9 mL/kg/min) men with the total energy expenditure of physical activity over 2500 kcal/week. A total of 290 active (energy expenditure >2500 kcal and at least 2 h of physical activity per week) men with a favourable lifestyle (good fitness, balanced diet and non-smoking) had an adjusted relative risk of 0.63 (95% CI 0.46–0.87) for cancer. Conclusion Favourable lifestyle including good cardiorespiratory fitness and healthy dietary habits with active and non-smoking lifestyle considerably reduces the risk of cancer.
•Our study shows that exercize cardiac power (ECP) may provide prognostic information concerning heart failure risk prediction despite taking into account established risk factors, such as smoking, ...lipids, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes.•This study shows that significant risk of heart failure was observed in men with the lowest level of ECP. A continuous increase in ECP (3.16 mL/mmHg) corresponds to 28% decrease in the risk for heart failure in these men.•Our study indicates that ECP may provide a valuable tool for the risk prediction of heart failure in the general population, although further studies are needed.
Little is known about exercise cardiac power (ECP), defined as the ratio of directly measured maximal oxygen uptake with peak systolic blood pressure during exercise, on heart failure (HF) risk. We examined the association of ECP and the risk of HF.
This was a population-based cohort study of 2351 men from eastern Finland. The average time to follow-up was 25 years. Participants participated at baseline in an exercise stress test. A total of 313 cases of HF occurred.
Men with low ECP (<9.84 mL/mmHg, the lowest quartile) had a 2.37-fold (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.68−3.35, p < 0.0001) hazards ratio of HF as compared with men with high ECP (>13.92 mL/mmHg, the highest quartile), after adjusting for age. Low ECP was associated with a 1.96-fold risk (95%CI: 1.38−2.78, p < 0.001) of HF after additional adjustment for conventional risk factors. After further adjustment for left ventricular hypertrophy, the results hardly changed (hazards ratio = 1.87, 95%CI: 1.31−2.66, p < 0.001). One SD increase in ECP (3.16 mL/mmHg) was associated with a decreased risk of HF by 28% (95%CI: 17%−37%).
ECP provides a noninvasive and easily available measure from cardiopulmonary exercise tests in predicting HF. However, ECP did not provide additional value over maximal oxygen uptake.
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Objectives. Consistent evidence suggests an inverse and independent association between handgrip strength and arterial thrombotic disease. However, whether handgrip strength is related to future risk ...of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is uncertain. We sought to assess the prospective association between handgrip strength and VTE risk. Design. Handgrip strength was assessed using a hand dynamometer in a population-based sample of 864 men and women aged 61-74 years without a history of VTE at baseline in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease prospective cohort study. Handgrip strength was allometrically scaled to account for the effect of body weight (handgrip strength/body weight
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) and to normalize the data. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for VTE. Results. During a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 17.2 (12.1-18.3) years, 58 VTE events were recorded. The risk of VTE did not significantly decrease per 1 standard deviation increase in normalized handgrip strength in age- and sex-adjusted analysis (HR 0.89; 95% CI 0.65-1.22). The association remained similar in analyses adjusted for several established and emerging risk factors (HR 0.90; 95% CI 0.65-1.25). The corresponding adjusted HRs were 1.10 (95% CI: 0.56-2.18) and 1.15 (95% CI: 0.57-2.34), respectively, when comparing the extreme tertiles of normalized handgrip strength values. Conclusions. Normalized handgrip strength is not associated with future VTE risk in an older Caucasian population. Large-scale studies in other populations and age-groups are warranted to generalize these findings.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract Background Fruit and vegetable intake has been associated with lower risk for cardiovascular diseases, but data on congestive heart failure (CHF) are inconsistent. The association of serum ...carotenoids, biomarkers reflecting fruit and vegetable intake, with the risk of CHF has not been well documented in previous studies. We therefore examined the association between carotenoid levels and the risk of CHF. Methods Data were available for 1031 males aged 46 to 65 years participating in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (Finland). Baseline data for the present study were collected between 1991 and 1993. The association between serum concentrations of carotenoids and the risk of CHF was examined by using Cox proportional hazard models. Results During the median of 17.8 follow-up years, CHF occurred in 72 patients. Age and examination year adjusted risk (hazard ratio, HR) for CHF among men within the lowest quartile of serum β-carotene was 4.08 (95% CI, 1.90–8.78, p < 0.001) as compared to men in the highest quartile of serum β-carotene. After further adjustment for many potential confounders, men with the lowest quartile of β-carotene had almost 3-fold increased risk of CHF (HR = 2.78, 95% CI, 1.23–6.25, p = 0.014). However, serum concentrations of lycopene and α-carotene were not related to the risk of CHF. Conclusions The present study suggests that low concentrations of serum β-carotene may be associated with an increased risk of CHF.
Abstract Objectives To examine whether serum concentrations of carotenoids are related to the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in middle-aged men. Methods The study population consisted of 1031 ...Finnish men aged 46–65 years of the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) cohort. Serum concentrations of carotenoids were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The hazard ratios (HR) of serum β-carotene, lycopene and α-carotene were estimated by using the Cox proportional hazard model after adjusting for age and other potential confounding factors. Results During a median follow-up of 15.9 years a total of 59 incidents of SCD occurred. After controlling for age, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, smoking, alcohol consumption, years of education, serum LDL cholesterol, serum hs-CRP, diabetes, prevalent coronary heart disease (CHD) and congestive heart failure (CHF), men in the lowest tertile of serum concentrations of β-carotene had a 2-fold increased risk of SCD (HR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.02–4.51; p = 0.044) as compared to those in the highest tertile. The risk of SCD was borderline significant for lycopene. In addition, low serum β-carotene concentrations increased the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and total mortality. Lycopene and α-carotene were not related to the risk of SCD. Conclusions Our findings suggest that low serum β-carotene concentrations may increase the risk of SCD in middle-aged Finnish men. Furthermore, low serum β-carotene concentrations may be related to the risk of CVD and total mortality.
Previous reports of an association between handgrip strength (HGS) and the risk of hypertension have utilized cross-sectional designs. We aimed to assess the prospective association between HGS and ...hypertension risk in a general population. Handgrip strength was assessed at baseline in 463 Finnish men and women aged 61-73 years. Handgrip strength was normalized (HGS/body weight
). After 16 years median follow-up, 110 hypertension cases occurred. Comparing the extreme tertiles of normalized HGS, the multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) for hypertension was 0.63 (0.38-1.04). Previous evidence of associations may have been driven by study design limitations such as lack of temporality.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract Background Little is known about the relationship between metabolic syndrome and sudden cardiac death (SCD). We examined the association of metabolic syndrome, as defined by World Health ...Organization (WHO), International Diabetes Federation (IDF), National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and American Heart Association (AHA) — IDF interim criteria, with incident SCD. We also assessed the association of a continuous metabolic risk score with SCD. Methods A total of 1466 middle-aged men participating in a prospective population-based cohort study from eastern Finland with no history of coronary heart disease or diabetes at baseline were included. Results During the average follow-up of 21 years 85 SCDs occurred. Men with the metabolic syndrome as defined by the WHO, NCEP, IDF and interim criteria had a 2.2–2.6 fold, increased risk for SCD, after adjusting for lifestyle and traditional cardiovascular risk factors not included in the metabolic syndrome definition (P < 0.001–0.011). A one-standard deviation increase in the metabolic risk score (composed of the sum of Z-scores for waist circumference, insulin, glucose, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure) was associated with a 1.68-fold higher (95% CI 1.33-2.11) risk of SCD. Even when adjusting further for systolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol and body mass index, the association remained significant for the interim criteria and the metabolic risk score, but not for WHO, NCEP, or IDF definitions. Conclusions Men with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for SCD. Incident SCD associated with the IDF/AHA interim criteria and metabolic risk clustering estimated by a score is not explained by obesity or traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Key messages Men with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for sudden cardiac death. Incident sudden cardiac death associated with metabolic risk clustering estimated by a score in not explained by obesity or traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Prevention of the metabolic syndrome may help reduce the health burden of SCD.
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