Application of high concentrations of oxygen to increase oxygen partial pressure (pO2) is the most important treatment for patients with carbon monoxide intoxication or divers with suspected ...decompression illness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxygenation performance of various non-invasive oxygen systems.
The effect of different oxygen systems on arterial pO2, pCO2 and pH and their subjective comfort was evaluated in 30 healthy participants. Eight devices were included: nasal cannula, non-rebreather mask, AirLife Open mask, Flow-Safe II CPAP device, SuperNO
VA nasal PAP device, all operated with 15 L/min constant flow oxygen; nasal high-flow (50 L/min flow, 1.0 FiO2), non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV, 12 PEEP, 4 ASB, 1.0 FiO2) and a standard diving regulator (operated with pure oxygen).
Diving regulator, SuperNO
VA, nasal high-flow and NPPV achieved mean arterial pO2 concentrations between 538 and 556 mm Hg within 5 minutes. The AirLife Open mask, the nasal cannula and the non-rebreather mask achieved concentrations of 348-451 mm Hg and the Flow-Safe II device 270 mm Hg. Except for the AirLife open mask, pCO2 decreased and pH increased with all devices. The highest pH values were observed with NPPV, diving regulator, Flow-Safe II and nasal high-flow but apparent hyperventilation was uncommon. The AirLife Open and the non-rebreather mask were the most comfortable, the SuperNO
VA and the nasal cannula the most uncomfortable devices.
A standard diving regulator and the SuperNO
VA device were equally effective in providing highest physiologically possible pO2 as compared to nasal high-flow and NPPV.
We present distribution coefficients, logiKS, for the sorption of yttrium and the rare earth elements (YREEs) on BCR-279, a dehydrated tissue homogenate of a marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca, ...resembling materials featured in chemical engineering studies aimed at designing renewable biosorbents. Sorption experiments were conducted in NaCl solutions of different ionic strength (0.05, 0.5, and 5.0M) at T=25°C over the pH range 2.7–8.5. Distribution coefficients based on separation of the dissolved and particulate phase by conventional filtration (<0.22μm) were corrected for the effect of colloid-bound YREEs (>3kDa) using an existing pH-dependent model. Colloid-corrected values were renormalized to free-cation concentrations by accounting for YREE hydrolysis and chloride complexation. At each ionic strength, the pH dependence of the renormalized values is accurately described with a non-electrostatic surface complexation model (SCM) that incorporates YREE binding to three monoprotic functional groups, previously characterized by alkalimetric titration, as well as binding of YREE–hydroxide complexes (MOH2+) to the least acidic one (pKa∼9.5).
In non-linear regressions of the distribution coefficients as a function of pH, each pKa was fixed at its reported value, while stability constants of the four YREE surface complexes were used as adjustable parameters. Data for a single fresh U. lactuca specimen in 0.5M NaCl show generally the same pH-dependent behavior but a lower degree of sorption and were excluded from the regressions. Good linear free-energy relations (LFERs) between stability constants of the YREE–acetate and YREE–hydroxide solution complex and surface complexes with the first and third functional group, respectively, support their prior tentative identifications as carboxyl and phenol. A similar confirmation for the second group is precluded by insufficient knowledge of the stability of YREE–phosphate complexes and a perceived lack of YREE binding in 0.05M NaCl; this issue awaits further study. The results indicate that SCMs can be successfully applied to sorbents as daunting as marine organic matter. Despite remnant challenges, for instance resolving the contributions of individual groups to the aggregate sorption signal, our approach helps formalize seaweed’s avowed promise as an ideal biomonitor or biofilter of metal pollution in environments ranging from freshwaters to brines by uncovering what chemical mechanisms underlie its pronounced affinity for YREEs and other surface-reactive elements.
In sorption studies involving biomaterials, the release of organic colloids may preclude proper separation of the ‘dissolved’ and ‘particulate’ metal fractions with conventional filtration ...techniques. Display omitted
► Biosorbents may release organic colloids that interact strongly with trace metals. ► Ignoring colloid-bound metals may bias distribution coefficient calculations. ► Distribution coefficients can be corrected with a multi-site Langmuir isotherm. ► Ultra-filtration should become routine practice in all metal biosorption studies. ► Colloid release may cause premature break-through of packed-bed biosorbent columns.
In controlled metal sorption experiments, the equilibrium distribution coefficient is a key variable quantifying sorbate partitioning across the solid–solution interface. Separation of metals into ‘dissolved’ and ‘particulate’ fractions is commonly achieved with syringe filtration, where the boundary is somewhat arbitrarily dictated by the limited selection of available pore sizes. Investigations involving natural organic matter, such as bacterial cells or plant tissues, are especially prone to experimental artifacts if the substrate releases abundant colloidal compounds that contribute to sorption by binding free metal cations in a pH-dependent fashion yet pass through conventional filters, causing the truly dissolved fraction to be grossly overestimated.
We observed this phenomenon during a study of lanthanide sorption on a marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca, as a function of pH. At low ionic strength, distribution coefficients calculated for a 0.22-μm size cutoff falsely imply that metal sorption reverses to gradual release above pH 4.6, instead of continuing to increase. Centrifuging the filtrates in Amicon® Ultra units (30 and 3kDa molecular weight cutoff) revealed a mounting proportion of colloid-bound metal, constituting up to 95% of the ‘dissolved’ (<0.22μm) fraction near pH 8. Measurements of DOC concentrations suggest this being due to pH-dependent binding of free metal cations to a fixed pool of organic colloids. The process is well described with a simple 2-site Langmuir isotherm in 0.05, 0.5, and 5.0M NaCl. Using this model to correct the original distribution coefficients not only removed the spurious reversal at low ionic strength, but also uncovered a prominent suppressive effect on the intermediate and high ionic strength data that had initially gone undetected. Ultra-filtration may thus be an essential analytical tool for proper characterization and interpretation of metal sorption on organic matter over a wide range of experimental conditions. Some implications are discussed for the use of biosorbents in the remediation of metal-contaminated waste waters.
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic-kilometer-scale high-energy neutrino detector built into the ice at the South Pole. Construction of IceCube, the largest neutrino detector built to date, ...was completed in 2011 and enabled the discovery of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. We describe here the design, production, and calibration of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM), the cable systems, computing hardware, and our methodology for drilling and deployment. We also describe the online triggering and data filtering systems that select candidate neutrino and cosmic ray events for analysis. Due to a rigorous pre-deployment protocol, 98.4% of the DOMs in the deep ice are operating and collecting data. IceCube routinely achieves a detector uptime of 99% by emphasizing software stability and monitoring. Detector operations have been stable since construction was completed, and the detector is expected to operate at least until the end of the next decade.
The IceCube realtime alert system Ackermann, M.; Aguilar, J.A.; Ahlers, M. ...
Astroparticle physics,
06/2017, Letnik:
92, Številka:
C
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Although high-energy astrophysical neutrinos were discovered in 2013, their origin is still unknown. Aiming for the identification of an electromagnetic counterpart of a rapidly fading source, we ...have implemented a realtime analysis framework for the IceCube neutrino observatory. Several analyses selecting neutrinos of astrophysical origin are now operating in realtime at the detector site in Antarctica and are producing alerts for the community to enable rapid follow-up observations. The goal of these observations is to locate the astrophysical objects responsible for these neutrino signals. This paper highlights the infrastructure in place both at the South Pole site and at IceCube facilities in the north that have enabled this fast follow-up program to be implemented. Additionally, this paper presents the first realtime analyses to be activated within this framework, highlights their sensitivities to astrophysical neutrinos and background event rates, and presents an outlook for future discoveries.
A 15-y-old neutered male domestic shorthaired cat was presented with a 16-d history of hindlimb paralysis in conjunction with 1-wk duration of inappetence and lethargy. Given intractable clinical ...signs, development of seizures, and poor prognosis, euthanasia was elected. Gross examination revealed mild, chronic, multifocal intervertebral disk disease; however, no gross abnormalities were noted in the spinal cord. Histologic examination of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal cord and the myelencephalon revealed diffuse and variable expansion of the meninges by sheets of neoplastic round-to-polygonal cells. The cells formed sheets and clusters, supported by a variably eosinophilic, fibrillar-to-basophilic, homogeneous matrix, and contained a small amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm. The nuclei were round with finely stippled to hyperchromatic chromatin and 1–2 small nucleoli. Mild white matter degeneration was present in the dorsal and ventral funiculi multifocally throughout the spinal cord, but was most severe in the ventral lumbar sections. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong intranuclear immunoreactivity for Olig2, and intracytoplasmic immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein, MAP2, and vimentin in the neoplastic glial cells. To our knowledge, primary leptomeningeal gliomatosis has not been reported previously in a cat.
ABSTRACT We present the results and methodology of a search for neutrinos produced in the decay of charged pions created in interactions between protons and gamma-rays during the prompt emission of ...807 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) over the entire sky. This three-year search is the first in IceCube for shower-like Cherenkov light patterns from electron, muon, and tau neutrinos correlated with GRBs. We detect five low-significance events correlated with five GRBs. These events are consistent with the background expectation from atmospheric muons and neutrinos. The results of this search in combination with those of IceCube's four years of searches for track-like Cherenkov light patterns from muon neutrinos correlated with Northern-Hemisphere GRBs produce limits that tightly constrain current models of neutrino and ultra high energy cosmic ray production in GRB fireballs.
ABSTRACT IceTop is an air-shower array located on the Antarctic ice sheet at the geographic South Pole. IceTop can detect an astrophysical flux of neutrons from Galactic sources as an excess of ...cosmic-ray air showers arriving from the source direction. Neutrons are undeflected by the Galactic magnetic field and can typically travel 10 (E/PeV) pc before decay. Two searches are performed using 4 yr of the IceTop data set to look for a statistically significant excess of events with energies above 10 PeV (1016 eV) arriving within a small solid angle. The all-sky search method covers from −90° to approximately −50° in declination. No significant excess is found. A targeted search is also performed, looking for significant correlation with candidate sources in different target sets. This search uses a higher-energy cut (100 PeV) since most target objects lie beyond 1 kpc. The target sets include pulsars with confirmed TeV energy photon fluxes and high-mass X-ray binaries. No significant correlation is found for any target set. Flux upper limits are determined for both searches, which can constrain Galactic neutron sources and production scenarios.
Since the recent detection of an astrophysical flux of high-energy neutrinos, the question of its origin has not yet fully been answered. Much of what is known about this flux comes from a small ...event sample of high neutrino purity, good energy resolution, but large angular uncertainties. In searches for point-like sources, on the other hand, the best performance is given by using large statistics and good angular reconstructions. Track-like muon events produced in neutrino interactions satisfy these requirements. We present here the results of searches for point-like sources with neutrinos using data acquired by the IceCube detector over 7 yr from 2008 to 2015. The discovery potential of the analysis in the northern sky is now significantly below = 10−12 TeV cm−2 s−1, on average 38% lower than the sensitivity of the previously published analysis of 4 yr exposure. No significant clustering of neutrinos above background expectation was observed, and implications for prominent neutrino source candidates are discussed.
PDF
