The article is devoted to the characteristics of the Russian legislation on public joint stock companies, for which this concept is quite new, since it received legal recognition only in 2014, when ...the Civil Code of the Russian Federation was reformed, followed by the reform of the entire corporate legislation of the Russian Federation. The legislation on public joint stock companies is considered both in a narrow sense – only federal laws, and in a broad sense – other regulatory legal acts, primarily those adopted by the Central Bank of Russia. Legislative regulation of public joint stock companies is characterized as imperative, in other words, «strict» regulation. At the same time, the so-called «soft» regulation represented by the Corporate Governance Code also plays a certain role in regulating the legal status of a public joint stock company. Since the beginning of 2022, Russian corporations, primarily public joint stock companies, have been operating under unprecedented economic sanctions and restrictions imposed by the collective West and the United States. The restrictions affected corporate governance procedures and conditions, which ultimately violated the rights and legitimate interests of their shareholders (participants). Legislative measures adopted at the beginning of 2022 and in force in 2023 are aimed at maintaining the manageability of corporations, creating mechanisms to ensure the functionality of boards of directors (supervisory boards) as strategic bodies of corporations, as well as protecting the interests of corporations and their shareholders (participants). In general, corporate governance in Russian corporations, despite the imposed sanctions and restrictions, demonstrates a high level of sustainability and continues to function as an effective system. Purpose: to show the dynamics of legislative development on public joint stock companies, to analyze the transformation of legislation in the conditions of sanction restrictions. Methods: theoretical method, including analysis of current regulatory legal acts, as well as synthesis, formalization, specification and generalization of regulatory legal material. Results: despite the small number of public joint stock companies compared to non-public joint stock companies and open joint stock companies, it should be recognized that the formation of Russian legislation on public joint stock companies has been completed. Currently, its development continues, coupled with the introduction of a number of restrictive sanction measures. The measures adopted by the legislator in 2022–2023 are extraordinary in nature and do not always comply with the principles of good corporate governance (in particular, the separation of competence between the board of directors and the executive body, information transparency and openness of a public joint stock company), but they are of a forced nature and are aimed at preserving the manageability of public j oint stock companies.
The article is based on the analysis of judicial and arbitration practice in cases of recognizing the issuer's shares as ownerless and recognizing the issuer's ownership of these shares. Since the ...legal entity that was the issuer's shareholder has been liquidated, the shares listed in the register of shareholders for such a liquidated legal entity, in the opinion of the issuer, are abandoned (Clause 2 of Article 226 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). When applying to the court with a claim to recognize the shares as ownerless, the claimant alleges that the participants (shareholders) and creditors of the liquidated legal entity, their legal successors, are unknown to him; any persons do not show their rights and any interest in relation to the shares, which clearly indicates a lost interest in the shares; disputed shares are registered with a person who does not have legal capacity. In view of the claimant - issuer, in the absence of the owner of the shares and the issuer's authority to exclude from the register an inactive legal entity, the entry on the liquidated legal entity in the register of shareholders is a formality that creates legal uncertainty about the fate of the shares, and cannot indicate that the shares have an owner; the very fact that during the liquidation of a legal entity the shares were not included in the liquidation balance or bankruptcy estate and were distributed within the established time limits among the interested parties indicates a waiver of ownership of such shares. The current situation impedes the normal financial and economic activities of the issuer, since its shares have actually been withdrawn from civil circulation. Therefore, the application to recognize shares as ownerless is the only available way to protect the rights and legitimate interests of both the issuer and its shareholders. The generalization of judicial and arbitration practice shows that arbitration courts have developed an unequivocal approach to such cases: following the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, arbitration courts indicate that shares do not have the signs of ownerless things upon liquidation of the shareholder – a legal entity and the issuer of shares does not have the right of the owner of these shares. «A liquidated legal entity that was previously a shareholder has legal successors in the person of its participants (shareholders) who have the right to a liquidation quota (clause 8 of Article 63 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Clause 1 of Article 148 of the Federal Law of October 26, 2002 No. 127-FZ «On insolvency (bankruptcy)» and on the distribution of property discovered after its liquidation (Clause 5.2 of Article 64 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), or in the event of liquidation of a legal entity as a result of the completion of the tender proceedings, the unsatisfied creditors of the legal entity have the right to distribute the discovered property (Clause 5.2 of Article 64 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Clause 11 of Article 142 of Law No. 127-FZ)». This formally correct approach of judicial practice does not seem to safeguard the interests of the issuer and does not address the fate of the shares that are listed in the registry as belonging to the liquidated entity – the shareholder. Purpose: to analyze the current legislation on liquidation of legal entities from the point of view of securing the interests of the issuer, the shares of which are owned by the liquidated legal entity, and answer the questions: whether the issuer is obliged to identify participants in the liquidated legal entity – the shareholder of the issuer, whether the liquidated legal entity itself is obliged to notify the issuer about its participants, what to do in the situation when the participants of the liquidated legal entity, and its creditors do not apply for a long time for the distribution of the property remaining after the liquidation of the legal entity. The research method is a formal legal approach, as well as a method of literal interpretation of the provisions of the current legislation. Results: the regime of shares owned by a liquidated legal entity – a shareholder is not defined by law. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation and special laws on commercial corporations do not provide for the possibility of recognizing such shares as ownerless in order to transfer them to the issuer. At the same time, such an option cannot be ruled out by applying the analogy of the law under Article 6 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The established judicial practice refuses to recognize the shares of a liquidated legal entity as ownerless, thereby preventing the issuer from disposing of these shares and maintaining uncertainty in their regime. The way out is to include in the law provisions obliging the legal entity that has decided to liquidate itself to notify the issuer and the registrar (the holder of the registry) thereof.
Куриное яйцо является одним из наиболее важных источников аллергенов, сенсибилизация пациентов к которым чаще всего проявляется в виде пищевой аллергии (ПА) и/или атопического дерматита (АтД). Цель ...нашей работы состояла в сравнении частоты и интенсивности IgE-ответа на различные компоненты куриного яйца у детей в зависимости от их возраста и пола. Нами были обследованы 3070 детей с симптомами ПА и АтД и проведен анализ уровней IgE к экстрактам аллергенов белка (f1) и желтка куриного яйца (f75) у пациентов с учетом их возраста и пола. В ходе работы была выявлена высокая частота сенсибилизации к куриному яйцу у обследованных детей, при этом частота сенсибилизации к белку была статистически значимо выше частоты сенсибилизации к желтку. Максимальная распространенность положительных IgE-ответов на белок и желток куриного яйца и выраженность сенсибилизации отмечалась у детей первого года жизни, а у детей старших возрастных групп наблюдалось значимое снижение этих показателей. В старших возрастных группах наблюдалось уменьшение числа косенсибилизированных пациентов, в то время как число случаев моносенсибилизации к белку куриного яйца возрастало в группах детей 2-6 лет, а затем снижалось у детей старше 6 лет. У детей обоих полов частота позитивных IgE-ответов на экстракты аллергенов белка и желтка куриного яйца значимо не отличалась и имела сходную возрастную динамику. Статистически значимые различия между IgE-ответом мальчиков и девочек выявлены только в группах детей старше 14 лет и только в отношении IgE к аллергенам белка куриного яйца. Нами отмечена крайне низкая частота моносенсибилизации к желтку (0,1%). Выводы. Высокая частота сенсибилизации к куриному яйцу у детей первых лет жизни свидетельствует о крайне раннем контакте пациента с аллергеном. Иммуногенная способность аллергенов белка и желтка различна, более выраженный IgE-ответ наблюдается в отношении белка куриного яйца. Снижение числа случаев положительного IgE-ответа на аллергены куриного яйца у детей может свидетельствовать о формировании иммунологической толерантности как к желтку, так и к белку к возрасту 8-10 лет.
The new requirements for the professional activities of a school teacher, due to the intro-duction of the professional standard of the teacher are discussed in this article. The authors an-alyze the ...state of preparation of future teachers of biology in pedagogical universities of the country using examples of high schools of Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Nizhny Novgorod. It is noted the great possibilities of the course “Methodics of training and education (biology)” in the formation of competencies identified by teacher’s professional standard. Acquaint with ex-perience of the practical activities connected with preparation of bachelors of a pedagogical education to various aspects of work at school. It’s given recommendations to high school teachers on formation at students competences, providing possession of the organisation of a laboratory practical work at school; to perfection of the maintenance of a laboratory practical work by a technique of training of biology. It is proposed to include changes in the curriculum of Bachelor of teacher education by using elective courses “Use of information and communi-cation technologies in biological formation”, “Geolocation”, “The use of GIS technology in various branches of biological science” that arguments to prove the possibility of rapid updat-ing of basic educational programs for bachelors.
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