The seminal importance of DNA sequencing to the life sciences, biotechnology and medicine has driven the search for more scalable and lower-cost solutions. Here we describe a DNA sequencing ...technology in which scalable, low-cost semiconductor manufacturing techniques are used to make an integrated circuit able to directly perform non-optical DNA sequencing of genomes. Sequence data are obtained by directly sensing the ions produced by template-directed DNA polymerase synthesis using all-natural nucleotides on this massively parallel semiconductor-sensing device or ion chip. The ion chip contains ion-sensitive, field-effect transistor-based sensors in perfect register with 1.2 million wells, which provide confinement and allow parallel, simultaneous detection of independent sequencing reactions. Use of the most widely used technology for constructing integrated circuits, the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, allows for low-cost, large-scale production and scaling of the device to higher densities and larger array sizes. We show the performance of the system by sequencing three bacterial genomes, its robustness and scalability by producing ion chips with up to 10 times as many sensors and sequencing a human genome.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Two-dimensional laser diagnostics are used to investigate a variety of combustion environments, ranging from simple laminar diffusion flames to internal combustion engines. A new spontaneous Raman ...technique, difference Raman scattering, is developed to minimize the problems caused by fluorescence interference on Raman scattering in hydrocarbon flames, and is used to perform quantitative major species and temperature measurements in a nitrogen-diluted methane/air diffusion flame. In the same flame, absolute nitric oxide concentrations are measured using quench corrected laser-induced fluorescence imaging. These results are compared to a two-dimensional numerical model of this flame that incorporates both C, and full nitrogen chemistry. The effect of combustion on ketone fluorescence yields is evaluated in laminar, ketone-doped methane/air diffusion flames. Difference Raman fully characterizes the major species and temperature in three flames doped with different ketones (acetone, 2-butanone, and 3-pentanone), while spectrally resolved fluorescence from these ketones is obtained using three different excitation wavelengths (266 nm, 308 nm, and 320 nm). From this data, quantitative information on how the flame alters the fluorescence yield is derived. Lastly, ketone fluorescence imaging is used to understand the behavior of crevice hydrocarbon emissions in a specially modified, optically accessible integral combustion engine. Several well characterized crevices located within the engine are used to asses the impact of crevice size, engine load, wall temperature, fuel volatility, and fuel reactivity on crevice hydrocarbon emissions.
In recent years, concerns over the impact of internal combustion engine hydrocarbon emissions on the environment have prompted tighter regulation on allowable emission lebels. While much work has ...been done on reducing hydrocarbon emissions after they have entered the exhaust stream, less direct monitoring of the emission sources has been performed. An optically accessible four-stroke internal combustion engine was used to investigate how fuel composition and engine operating conditions affect hydrocarbon emissions. Various crevices, ranging in size from 1 to 2 mm, were simulated by drilling holes into a flat wall built into the head of the engine. Emissions from the residual fuel ejected by these crevices were directly monitored using planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) from iso-octane/
n-heptane fuel blends doped with 3-pentanone. The fluorescence was imaged at various times during the engine cycle and found to be extremely dependent on crevice size, engine load, and fuel reactivity, Under most normal load conditions, the largest crevice showed evidence of significant flame penetration, while flame penetration into the smaller crevices was found to vary with engine load. The results for the quench diameter were in good agreement with a simple crevice flame-quenching model. Fuels with lower octane ratings were shown to enhance flame penetration due to their increased reactivity.
Postprandial glucose excursions contribute significantly to average blood glucose, glycaemic variability and cardiovascular risk. Carbohydrate counting is a method of insulin dosing that balances ...carbohydrate load to insulin dose using a fixed ratio. Many patients and current insulin pumps calculate insulin delivery for meals based on a linear carbohydrate-to-insulin relationship. It is our hypothesis that a non-linear relationship exists between the amounts of carbohydrate consumed and the insulin required to cover it.
To document blood glucose exposure in response to increasing carbohydrate loads on fixed carbohydrate-to-insulin ratios.
Five type 1 diabetic subjects receiving insulin pump therapy with good control were recruited. Morning basal rates and carbohydrate- to-insulin ratios were optimised. A Medtronic glucose sensor was used for 5 days to collect data for area-under-the-curve (AUC) analysis, during which standardised meals of increasing carbohydrate loads were consumed.
Increasing carbohydrate loads using a fixed carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio resulted in increasing glucose AUC. The relationship was found to be exponential rather than linear. Late postprandial hypoglycaemia followed carbohydrate loads of >60 g and this was often followed by rebound hyperglycaemia that lasted >6 hours.
A non-linear relationship exists between carbohydrates consumed and the insulin required to cover them. This has implications for control of postprandial blood sugars, especially when consuming large carbohydrate loads. Further studies are required to look at the optimal ratios, duration and type of insulin boluses required to cover increasing carbohydrate loads.
Background. Intensive diabetes management requires the use of multiple daily injections. Inappropriate insulin injection technique, inadvertent intramuscular (IM) injections, needle phobia and ...insulin omission negatively affect glucose control. Objectives. To document skin and skin plus subcutaneous skin thickness using high resolution ultrasound (US) in a group of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. In addition, injection technique, needle re-use and injection site analysis was performed. Methods. Commonly recommended injection sites were examined using high-resolution US. Patient characteristics such as age, body mass index, frequency of injections and favoured sites were analysed. Results. A total of 40 paediatric and adolescent children aged 4 years 3 months to 18 years were examined. The maximum skin thickness at any site was 2.93 mm. A high rate of IM injection was predicted with the standard 8 mm needle and was reduced but not eliminated with the use of the shortest available 4 mm needle. As the subcutaneous skin thickness increased across injection sites in the following order: arm, thigh, abdomen and buttocks, the risk of IM injection declined. Conclusion. Choice of needle length, injection site and injection technique are important considerations in diabetes management in the paediatric population and are likely to affect quality of glycaemic control. Shorter needles are more acceptable and reduce the risk of IM injections. S Afr J CH 2014;8(3):92-95. DOI:10.7196/SAJCH.687.
Japan at Nature's Edge Ian Jared Miller, Julia Adeney Thomas, Brett L. Walker / Ian Jared Miller, Julia Adeney Thomas, Brett L. Walker
2013, 20130831
eBook
Japan at Nature's Edgeis a timely collection of essays that explores the relationship between Japan's history, culture, and physical environment. It greatly expands the focus of previous work on ...Japanese modernization by examining Japan's role in global environmental transformation and how Japanese ideas have shaped bodies and landscapes over the centuries. Given the global and immediate nature of Earth's environmental crisis, a predicament highlighted by Japan's March 2011 disaster, it brings a sense of urgency to the study of Japan and its global connections.The work is an environmental history in the broadest sense of the term because it contains writing by environmental anthropologists, a legendary Japanese economist, and scholars of Japanese literature and culture. The editors have brought together an unparalleled assemblage of some of the finest scholars in the field who, rather than treat Japan in isolation or as a unique cultural community, seek to connect Japan to global environmental currents such as whaling, world fisheries, mountaineering and science, mining and industrial pollution, and relations with nonhuman animals.The contributors assert the importance of the environment in understanding Japan's history and propose a new balance between nature and culture, one weighted much more heavily on the side of natural legacies. Ideas and culture do shape the natural world, because it, like the poetry of Heian aristocrats, has become a relic of history. This approach does not discount culture. Instead, it suggests that the Japanese experience of nature, like that of all human beings, is a complex and intimate negotiation between the physical and cultural worlds.Contributors:Daniel P. Aldrich, Jakobina Arch, Andrew Bernstein, Philip C. Brown, Timothy S. George, Jeffrey E. Hanes, David L. Howell, Federico Marcon, Christine L. Marran, Ian Jared Miller, Micah Muscolino, Ken'ichi Miyamoto, Sara B. Pritchard, Julia Adeney Thomas, Karen Thornber, William M. Tsutsui, Brett L. Walker, Takehiro Watanabe.Ian Jared Millerteaches modern Japanese history at Harvard University.Julia Adeney Thomasis associate professor of history at the University of Notre Dame.Brett L. Walkeris Regents Professor at Montana State University, Bozeman.
Book Reviews Berger, Michael L.; Grabiner, Gene; McNally, Susanne ...
Teaching History: A Journal of Methods,
10/1978, Letnik:
3, Številka:
1
Book Review
Recenzirano
Douglas D. Adler and Glenn M. Linden, eds. Teaching World History: Structured Inquiry Through a Historical-Anthropological Approach. Boulder, Colorado: Social Science Education Consortium, Inc., ...1976. Pp. iii, 164. Paper, $6.50; Glenn M. Linden and Matthew T. Downey, eds. Teaching American History: Structured Inquiry Approaches. Boulder, Colorado: Social Science Education Consortium, Inc., 1975. Pp. iii, 110. Paper, $4.95. Review by James F. Marran of New Trier Township High School West (Northfield, Illinois). John G. Clark, David M. Katzman, Richard D. McKinzie, and Theodore A. Wilson. Three Qenerations in Twentieth Century America: Family, Community, and Nation. Homewood, Illinois: Dorsey Press , 1977. Pp. xx, 529. Cloth , $13 . 95. Review by Donn Neal of the Great Lakes Colleges Association. Leonard L. Richards. The Advent of American Democracy, 1815-1848. Scott, Foresman American History Series. Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1976. Pp. 182. Paper, $4.95; Edward Pessen, ed. Jacksonian Panorama. American Heritage Series. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1976. Pp. xli, 502. Paper, $6.95 Review by Davis D. Joyce of the University of Tulsa. Ronald N. Satz. American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1975. Pp. xii, 343. Paper, $4.25; M. Thomas Bailey, Reconstruction in Indian Territory: A Story of Avarice, Discrimination, and Opportunism. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press, 1972. Pp. 225. Cloth, $11.50; Francis Paul Prucha, ed. Documents of United States Indian Policy. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1975. Pp. ix, 278. Cloth, $14.95; paper, $4.95; Britton Davis. The Truth About Geronimo. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1976. xxv, 253. Paper, $3.75. Review by Leonard F. Ralston of SUNY, Cortland. Charles S. Campbell. The Transformation of American Foreign Relations, 1865- 1900. New American Nation Series. New York: Harper and Row, 1976. Cloth, $15.00; paper, $5.95. Review by Frank J. Rader of Empire State College, Saratoga Springs Center. Robert Sklar. Movie-Made America: A Cultural History of American Movies. New York: Vintage Books, 1975. Pp. vii, 340. Paper, $5.95. Review by Jack W. Berryman of the University of Washington. Jesse Lemisch. On Active Service in War and Peace: Politics and Ideology in the American Historical Profession. Toronto: New Hogtown Press , 1975: Pp. ix, 150. Paper, $3.00. Review by David DeLeon of the University of Maryland, Baltimore. John F. Cady. The Southeast Asian World. St. Louis, Missouri: Forum Press, 1977. Pp. 80. Paper, $1.95; William J. Miller. The Japanese World. St. Louis, Missouri: Forum Press, 1977. Pp. 81. Paper, $1.95. Review by Eugene Lubot of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Basil Dmytryshyn. A History of Russia. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 1977. Pp. xvii, 645. Cloth, $14.95; Adam B. Ulam. A History of Soviet Russia. New York: Praeger, 1976. Paper, $5.95. Review by Susanne McNally of Hobart and William Smith Colleges. C. W. Cassinelli. Total Revolution: A Comparative Study of Germany under Hitler, the Soviet Union under Stalin, and China under Mao. Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1976. Pp. 252. Cloth, $19.75; paper, $6.25. Review by Gene Grabiner of SUNY, Buffalo. Jules R. Benjamin. A Student's Guide to History. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1975. Pp. 122. Cloth, $10.95. Review by Michael L. Berger of St. Mary's College of Maryland.
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