A dual catalyst system: The cooperative function of a hard and soft Lewis acid (LaIII and AgI, respectively) in a catalyst system that includes an amide‐based ligand 1 is crucial for simultaneous ...activation of intramolecular 1,3‐dicarbonyl and alkyne moieties to afford enantioenriched cyclopentane derivatives (see scheme).
A catalytic asymmetric synthesis of AS-3201 via catalytic asymmetric amination with a novel lanthanum−amide complex is described. The amination reaction proceeded efficiently with as little as 1 mol ...% of catalyst loading, allowing for an efficient access to the key intermediate for the synthesis of AS-3201, a potent aldose reductase inhibitor.
In the recovery process following massive earthquakes in historical Italian cities, the housing construction and restoration of built heritage proceed with relationships that are established among ...diverse actors. However, much less work has been done on the established processes of governance protocol and research methods have not been accumulated. This study is aimed at determining the characteristics of the established processes of reconstruction governance (RG) in L'Aquila city following the 2009 Abruzzo earthquake in Italy. The research method was adopted from the text analysis and inter‐actor relationship mapping which was obtained in the previous study. Moreover, the mutual relationships between established RG processes and the implemented processes of the reconstruction project (RP) were identified based on the periodization of L’Aquila’s recovery process by combining two initiatives. The results thus obtained revealed that the existence of mutual relationships between the two processes resulted in a diversification of RG and an expansion of the RP domains and types in addition to a centralization of the RP domains. In conclusion, we recommend the diversification and continuous strengthening of RG in the recovery process, early establishment of an intermediary support organization, and public offering projects for expanding civic association participation.
This study aimed to identify the characteristics of the established processes of reconstruction governance (RG) at L’Aquila City following the 2009 Abruzzo Earthquake in Italy. Moreover, the mutual relationships between established RG processes and implemented processes of reconstruction project (RP) were identified.
Full details of a catalytic asymmetric amination with a lanthanum/amide-based ligand catalyst system are described. A catalyst comprising La(NO3)3•6H2O, (R)-3a and H-d-Val-O t Bu was identified to ...promote the catalytic asymmetric amination of nonprotected succinimide derivative 1 with as little as 1 mol % catalyst loading. Mechanistic studies by various spectroscopic analyses and several control and kinetic experiments suggested that the catalyst components were in equilibrium between the associated and dissociated forms, and that the reaction likely proceeded through a La(NO3)3•6H2O/(R)-3a/H-d-Val-O t Bu ternary complex. This catalyst system was also effective for asymmetric amination of N-nonsubstituted α-alkoxycarbonyl amides 7, hitherto unprecedented substrates in asymmetric catalysis, probably due to their attenuated reactivity and difficult stereocontrol, affording the amination products in up to >99% yield and >99% ee. The high catalytic performance and enantiocontrol of the reaction with highly coordinative substrates were achieved by the activation/recognition of the substrates exerted by coordination to lanthanum and hydrogen bonding cooperatively in the transition state.
This study identifies the problems of the current evacuation system and the possibility using Mizuka in flood-prone area. Concretely, the following three categories of items were reviewed. (1) ...whether residents followed a way of life that required them to evacuate to Mizuka, (2) whether the depth of water has increased compared to the past and whether Mizuka can be utilised according to the old standards applied during flooding events, and (3) whether there are still obstacles to wide-area evacuation in villages and whether evacuation shelters in the town need to be strengthened.
A catalytic asymmetric amination with a lanthanum/amide complex was significantly improved. The use of lanthanum nitrate hydrate in place of lanthanum triisopropoxide made the process reproducible, ...scalable, and cost-effective. The development of a ternary catalytic system of La/ligand/amine was a key to high ee and catalytic turnover. A 100 g scale reaction was performed to showcase a practical synthesis of a key intermediate for AS-3201, a highly potent aldose reductase inhibitor.
Aufgabenteilung: Durch Kooperation einer harten und einer weichen Lewis‐Säure (LaIII bzw. AgI) gelingt die gleichzeitige Aktivierung von 1,3‐Dicarbonyl‐ und Alkingruppen für eine intramolekulare ...Cyclisierung zu enantiomerenangereicherten Cyclopentan‐Derivaten (siehe Schema). Ein weiterer Bestandteil des Katalysatorsystems ist der Ligand 1 mit Amid‐Rückgrat.
During the recovery process following a massive earthquake in Italy, the construction of provisional housing and the restoration of historical centers were conducted by establishing relationships ...between diverse actors. In this study, we clarify the characteristics of the established processes of reconstruction governance (RG) at L’Aquila city. We identify the mutual relationships (MR) between the established processes of RG and implemented process of the reconstruction project (RP). First, a literature survey was conducted on the six phases of the reconstruction process, based on both government-led initiative and civic/professional-associations-university-led initiative. Second, the characteristics of RG protocols employed during the six phases were revealed by visualizing the RG protocol during each phase. Third, the characteristics of the implemented RP process were revealed by overlaying three types of RP in the historical center and its surrounding territory. Moreover, the MR between established RG processes and the implemented process of RP were explored, and the following four MRs were revealed: 1) The MR between established RG processes and the implementation process of cooperative restoration projects through foundation of a special office for restoration project maintenance was revealed. This MR led to extending the range of the RP from the fringe of the city walls to the historical center. 2) The MR between established RG processes and the implementation process of the cultural heritage maintenance project by recognition changes of civic association was revealed. This MR led to diversifying RG to establish agreements about the cooperative maintenance of the city wall to extend the range of the RP from the wall gate to the overall city walls and extend the type of RP to include cooperative maintenance and utilization. 3) The MR between established RG processes and the implemented process of public space improvement by project adoption and citizen participation was revealed. This MR led to developing RG as a collaborative system that included a civic association consortium, municipal government, the parish community, and a citizen territorial council. 4) The MR between established RG processes and the implemented process of walkway maintenance caused by village networking was revealed. This MR led to developing RG as a cooperative system that included a civic association and village autonomous association at different stages, to extend the range of the RP and to include the surrounding territory to the historical center. Finally, our findings led to three important recommendations as follows: 1) The diversification and continuous strengthening of RG is required. Through construction of diverse RG in a recovery process, the type and range of RG is going to expand, and then that expansion will broaden the diversification of RG. To continue this MR, the RG is required to be diversified and to be strengthened continuously. 2) The early foundation of an intermediary support association is required, such as Urban Center L’Aquila, as an RG platform for coordinating the diverse actors involved in the recovery process after a huge natural disaster. By doing so, problems can be shared, and projects can be designed by diverse actors; moreover, a new governance system should be established according to specific RP objectives. 3) An expanded public offering project is required to encourage civic participation. By doing so, we can promote the RP in across historical centers and their surrounding territories.
In long-term recovery after massive earthquakes, reconstruction governance (RG) protocol must be established considering diverse actors to adapt flexibly to changing circumstances. This study ...discloses the characteristics of four RG protocols employed in the aftermath of different earthquake disasters in Italy. In addition, these RG protocols are modelled into four models with two axes and their historical development processes are identified. The results reveal that four RG models have distinct characteristics that helped manage each catastrophic quake disaster. Hence, these models must be modified according to the actual situation in the aftermath of a future disaster.
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