Effective conservation and management of migratory species requires accurate identification of unique populations, even as they mix along their migratory corridors. While telemetry has historically ...been used to study migratory animal movement and habitat use patterns, genomic tools are emerging as a superior alternative in many ways, allowing large‐scale application at reduced costs. Here, we demonstrate the usefulness of genomic resources for identifying single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that allow fast and accurate identification of the imperiled Chinook salmon in the Great Central Valley of California. We show that 80 well‐chosen loci, drawn from a pool of over 11,500 SNPs developed from restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing, can accurately identify Chinook salmon runs and select populations within run. No other SNP panel for Central Valley Chinook salmon has been able to achieve the high accuracy of assignment we show here. This panel will greatly improve our ability to study and manage this ecologically, economically, and socially important species and demonstrates the great utility of using genomics to study migratory species.
Effective conservation and management of migratory species requires accurate identification of unique populations, even as they mix along their migratory corridors. Here, we demonstrate the usefulness of genomic data for identifying single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that allow fast and accurate identification of the imperiled Chinook salmon in the Great Central Valley of California. This SNP panel will greatly improve our ability to study and manage this ecologically, economically, and socially important species and demonstrates the great utility of using genomics to study migratory species.
Does our work life influence the quality of our family life? The present study examined this question using data from 126 practicing psychologists who responded to two waves of a longitudinal study ...of their work and family lives. Work-family conflict (WFC) was tested as a mediator between work demands/resources (hours worked, emotional exhaustion, control, support) and family functioning. Results indicated that work demands, but not work resources, significantly predicted family functioning over time. Specifically, more hours worked and greater emotional exhaustion at Time 1 related to poorer family functioning at Time 2. WFC did not mediate these relationships, suggesting that the direct relationship of these work demands to family functioning was stronger than the relationship of WFC to family functioning.
Balancing work and family lives is a challenge faced by many psychologists. The present study examined an integrated model of resources, work-family conflict, family, work, and life satisfaction ...among professional psychologists. To test this model, a sample of 368 doctoral psychologists who worked at least 20 hours a week and who were married and/or had children were selected from respondents to a national survey on professional and family life. Support was found for three-stage mediational models through which the resources of control and family support exerted cross domain effects and influenced overall life satisfaction. Control at work reduced work to family conflict which increased family satisfaction while family support reduced family to work conflict and increased work satisfaction. Both work and family satisfaction then increased life satisfaction. These models were significant for both men and women. There was, however, evidence that family support was more important in reducing family to work conflict for women.
Are psychologists satisfied with their careers? The present study sought to answer this question and to understand factors that relate to high levels of career satisfaction. Data from 595 respondents ...of a national survey of practicing psychologists indicated that, consistent with past research, psychologists tend to be satisfied with their careers. To investigate factors that predict high levels of satisfaction, two groups of psychologists were identified: a high-satisfaction group (n = 129) and a moderate-satisfaction group (n = 102). Optimal data analysis (ODA) was then used to identify single variables, as well as combinations of personal and professional factors, that maximized classification accuracy in predicting high versus moderate career satisfaction. Percentage of direct-pay clients, work-life balance strategies, control at work, and reflecting on satisfying work experiences emerged as important predictors. Specific recommendations for practitioners are discussed.
Telesupervision is an increasingly common practice in health service psychology training, particularly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known about important considerations that may ...inform the long-term adoption of telesupervision, including its acceptability among trainees, the impact of technology-mediated supervision on critical variables such as the supervisory working alliance, and whether established supervisory best practices can be effectively employed in a telehealth format. The present study provides qualitative and quantitative data on trainee perceptions of telesupervision among a sample of 144 health service psychology students engaged in either telesupervision or hybrid supervision combining telesupervision with in-person meetings within university training clinics in the United States. Trainees completed questionnaires rating supervisory working alliance, metacommunication, quality of supervision, the identified supervisor's use of best practices, and perceptions of COVID-19 danger as well as provided qualitative responses to three open-ended questions exploring expectations around telesupervision as well as perceived advantages and disadvantages. Findings suggest that trainees find telesupervision to be highly acceptable, with over 90% of participants reporting that it met or exceeded their expectations. Ratings of critical variables such as supervisory working alliance, metacommunication, and engagement in best practices generally did not differ between the hybrid and telesupervision groups, nor were these results affected by supervision format (i.e., individual vs. group) or trainee developmental level. Unique benefits and limitations of telesupervision were highlighted. Overall, results suggest that telesupervision is a highly acceptable and beneficial tool in health service psychology training. Considerations for the ongoing use of telesupervision are discussed.
Public Significance Statement
Health service psychology trainees find telesupervision to be highly acceptable and report strong supervisory alliances, effective engagement in metacommunication, and utilization of supervisory best practices via telehealth. The widely recommended practice of incorporating at least some in-person meetings was not associated with higher trainee ratings of supervision. Findings suggest that trainees across developmental levels may benefit from telesupervision as an alternative to in-person supervision, which may ultimately increase access to high-quality clinical supervision.
The Paiute Cutthroat Trout (PCT) Oncorhynchus clarkii seleniris is classified as a subspecies within the greater Cutthroat Trout O. clarkii ssp. complex and is federally listed as threatened under ...the Endangered Species Act. However, genetic studies to date have revealed very little genetic differentiation between the PCT and its closest relative, the Lahontan Cutthroat Trout (LCT) O. clarkii henshawi. These results casted doubt on whether the PCT is a genetically distinct subspecies or merely a phenotypic variant of the LCT. Here, we present a genomic analysis of Cutthroat Trout subspecies and populations to resolve the genetic and phylogenetic relationship between PCT and LCT. Our results demonstrate substantial genetic structure and differentiation between PCT and LCT populations. In contrast to current thinking, our phylogenetic reconstructions show the PCT to be a distinct evolutionary lineage that diverged from LCT before the LCT differentiated into its current populations (i.e., rather than PCT divergence due to geographic isolation from an LCT population in the Carson River). We conclude that the PCT is genetically distinct from the LCT.
The induction potential of different fibric acid derivatives on human drug metabolizing enzymes was evaluated to help assess the role of enzyme induction on pharmacokinetic drug interactions.
Effects ...of gemfibrozil, fenofibric acid, and clofibric acid on expression levels of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) 3A4 and 2C8 and UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 were evaluated in primary human hepatocyte cultures. The potential for these fibrates to activate human pregnane X receptor (PXR) also was studied in a cell-based PXR reporter gene assay.
All three fibrates caused increases in mRNA levels of CYP3A4 (2- to 5-fold), CYP2C8 (2- to 6-fold), and UGT1A1 (2- to 3-fold). On average, the effects on CYP3A4 were less than (< or =30% of rifampin), while those on CYP2C8 and UGT1A1 were comparable to or slightly higher than (up to 200% of rifampin) the corresponding effects observed with rifampin (10 microM). Consistent with the mRNA results, all fibrates caused moderate (approximately 2- to 3-fold) increases in CYP3A4 activity (measured by testosterone 6beta hydroxylase), as compared to about a 10-fold increase by rifampin. Significant increases (3- to 6-fold) in amodiaquine N-deethylase (a functional probe for CYP2C8 activity) also were observed with clofibric acid, fenofibric acid, and rifampin, in agreement with the mRNA finding. However, in contrast to the mRNA induction, marked decreases (>60%) in CYP2C8 activity were obtained with gemfibrozil treatment. Consistent with this finding, co-incubation of amodiaquine with gemfibrozil, but not with fenofibric acid, clofibric acid, or rifampin, in human liver microsomes or hepatocytes resulted in significantly decreased amodiaquine N-deethylase activity (IC50 = 80 microM for gemfibrozil, >500 microM for fenofibric or clofibric acid, and >50 microM for rifampin). Similar to rifampin, all three fibrates caused a modest change in the glucuronidation of chrysin, a nonspecific substrate of UGTs. No significant activation on human pregnane X receptor (PXR) was observed with the three fibrates in a PXR reporter gene assay.
In human hepatocytes, both fenofibric acid and clofibric acid are inducers of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8. Gemfibrozil is also an inducer of CYP3A4, but acts as both an inducer and an inhibitor of CYP2C8. In this system, all fibrates are weak inducers of UGT1A1. The enzyme inducing effects of fibrates appear to be mediated via a mechanism(s) other than PXR activation. These results suggest that fibrates may have potential to cause various pharmacokinetic drug interactions via their differential effects on enzyme induction and/or inhibition.
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