The flavan‐3‐ols of 10 primarily plant food byproducts, including Muscat Hamburg grape seed, hawthorn sarcocarp, litchi pericarp, cocoa bean, peanut skin, lotus seedpod, Xinyang Maojian green tea, ...Cinnamomi cortex, Sargentodoxa cuneata stem, and Cyperus esculentus, leaves were analyzed. Ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was used for the analysis. Cyperus esculentus leaves contained a high amount of procyanidin B1 (198.9 mg/100 g), second only to Muscat Hamburg grape seed (292.9 mg/100 g). Unlike grape seed that contained several procyanidin B isomers with very similar retention times, C. esculentus leaves contained primarily procyanidin B1 with few isomers. Procyanidin B1 was enriched in the ethyl acetate fraction of a 70% methanol extract of C. esculentus leaves and purified at 95% purity by two runs of open column chromatography. Direct chromatography of the plant extract on octadecylsilane and Sephadex LH20 open columns improved the yield of the resultant leaf procyanidin B1 (95% purity) to 0.21‰. The present research demonstrated that the leaves of C. esculentus, byproducts of tigernut, are ideal plant sources for isolating and providing high‐purity procyanidin B1.
Practical Application
Procyanidin B1 has a broad range of health benefits. Cyperus esculentus is cultivated in many countries with nearly 6190 square hectares (hm2) in the Spanish Mediterranean region in 2020–2021 and over 16,700 hm2 in China in recent years, primarily for its tubers. The byproducts, the leaves of C. esculentus, contain high levels of procyanidin B1, with few isomers that interfere with its isolation and purification. Thus, the leaves of this plant provide a viable source for preparing high‐purity procyanidin B1.
Constructing a high-efficiency electrochemical sensor for determination of nitroimidazole antibiotics (NIABs) is of great importance for pharmaceutical analysis and environmental monitoring. Herein, ...Ni/MoN nanoparticles embedded with mesoporous carbon (MC) (Ni/MoN/MC) was prepared via one-step pyrolysis of Ni2(BDC)2(DABCO) (Ni-MOF) based composite (BDC = terephthalic acid and DABCO = 1,4-diazabicyclo2.2.2octane). The Ni/MoN/MC composite possessed high porosity and abundant active metal sites, which could effectively promote the adsorption and the electrochemical reduction of NIABs with enhanced electrochemical signals. Markedly, Ni/MoN/MC modified glassy carbon electrode (Ni/MoN/MC/GCE) featured high-efficiency electrochemical detection performances for metronidazole (MNZ), tinidazole (TNZ) and ornidazole (ODZ). Particularly, the limits of detection (LODs) for MNZ, TNZ and ODZ were very low, in which the LOD value for TNZ was up to 8 nM. To our knowledge, this LOD value is lower than that of the known best sensor. More importantly, the Ni/MoN/MC/GCE sensor could detect MNZ, TNZ and ODZ in drugs and tap water with well-pleasing recoveries, indicating that it could be a promising electrocatalyst for NIABs monitoring in real samples. The synergistic effect between Ni/MoN and MC effectively promoted the electrochemical determination performances of Ni/MoN/MC/GCE towards NIABs.
Display omitted
•Ni/MoN/MC electrocatalyst was prepared using DABCO of Ni-MOF and Et3NH+ ion as the direct nitrogen source.•Ni/MoN/MC featured high-efficiency detection for nitroimidazole antibiotics.•The limit of detection for tinidazole (8 nM) was much lower than the known sensors.•Synergistic effect between Ni/MoN and MC enhanced the sensing performance.
In the development of the capital market, financial fraud of listed companies often occurs, which leads to the untrue disclosure of information. It seriously affects the stability and fairness of the ...market. The financial fraud involving listed companies and regulators is also a typical game problem, and the ultimate goal of game analysis is to make all parties reach an ideal equilibrium state. Therefore, this paper conducts an in-depth case study on the social issue of Luckin Coffee’s financial fraud and builds a specific regulatory game model. The conclusion is that the probability of choosing financial fraud by listed companies is affected by four factors: the cost of supervision, the probability of being accused, the fine and the reputation loss to the regulator. Reducing supervision costs and increasing fines can effectively prevent the occurrence of financial fraud. So this paper also puts forward some suggestions, in order to promote the healthy development of Chinese financial market.
Battery state-of-charge (SOC) is a key parameter of the battery management system in the electric vehicle. To predict the practicable capacity of the battery in the degradation process, the cycle ...life model is built based on the aging cycle tests of the 6Ah Lithium Ion battery. Combined with the cycle life model, a new Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) model is proposed to eliminate the battery degradation's effect on the SOC estimation accuracy of the original trained model. This proposed model is verified through the 6Ah Lithium Ion battery. First, Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) and Economic Commission of Europe (ECE) cycles are experimented on the batteries under different temperatures and aging levels. Then, the robustness of the new RBFNN model against different aging levels, temperatures and loading profiles is tested with the datasets of the experiments and compared against the conventional neural network model. The simulations show that the new model can improve the accuracy of the SOC estimation effectively and has a good robustness against varying aging cycles, temperatures and loading profiles. Finally, the measurement of actual aging cycles of the battery in electric vehicles is discussed for the SOC estimation.
This paper reviews quantum spin squeezing, which characterizes the sensitivity of a state with respect to SU(2) rotations, and is significant for both entanglement detection and high-precision ...metrology. We first present various definitions of spin squeezing parameters, explain their origin and properties for typical states, and then discuss spin-squeezed states produced with nonlinear twisting Hamiltonians. Afterward, we explain pairwise correlations and entanglement in spin-squeezed states, as well as the relations between spin squeezing and quantum Fisher information, where the latter plays a central role in quantum metrology. We also review the applications of spin squeezing for detecting quantum chaos and quantum phase transitions, as well as the influence of decoherence on spin squeezing. Finally, we review several experimental realizations of spin squeezing, as well as their corresponding theoretical backgrounds, including: producing spin-squeezed states via particle collisions in Bose–Einstein condensates, transferring photon squeezing to atomic ensembles, and generating spin squeezing via quantum non-demolition measurements.
Boron uptake in Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by nodulin 26-like intrinsic protein 5;1 (NIP5;1), a boric acid channel that is located preferentially on the soil side of the plasma membrane in root ...cells. However, the mechanism underlying this polar localization is poorly understood. Here, we show that the polar localization of NIP5;1 in epidermal and endodermal root cells is mediated by the phosphorylation of Thr residues in the conserved TPG (ThrProGly) repeat in the N-terminal region of NIP5;1. Although substitutions of Ala for three Thr residues in the TPG repeat did not affect lateral diffusion in the plasma membrane, these substitutions inhibited endocytosis and strongly compromised the polar localization of GFP-NIP5;1. Consistent with this, the polar localization was compromised in m subunit mutants of the clathrin adaptor AP2. The Thr-to-Ala substitutions did not affect the boron transport activity of GFP-NIP5;1 in Xenopus laevis oocytes but did inhibit the ability to complement boron translocation to shoots and rescue growth defects in nip5;1-1 mutant plants under boron-limited conditions. These results demonstrate that the polar localization of NIP5;1 is maintained by clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is dependent on phosphorylation in the TPG repeat, and is necessary for the efficient transport of boron in roots.
By varying the fluorescent tags of resorcin4arene-based tetracarboxylic acids from phenyl to naphthyl, two highly luminescent metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), namely, Zn2(TPC4A)(DMF)(H2O)4·3H2O ...(1) and (CH3)2NH22Zn(TNC4A)·4H2O (2), were successfully achieved (TPC4A = 2,8,14,20-tetra-phenyl-6,12,18,24-tetra-methoxy-4,10,16,22-tetra-carboxy-methoxy-resorcin4arene and TNC4A = 2,8,14,20-tetra-1-naphthal-6,12,18,24-tetra- methoxy-4,10,16,22-tetra-carboxy-methoxy-resorcin4arene). Compound 1 features a unique 2D network, while 2 exhibits a fascinating 3D framework. The highly selective detection of small organic molecules as well as Fe2+ and Fe3+ was performed for 1 and 2 as fluorescent sensors. Remarkably, luminescent 1 and 2 were used as sensory materials for the sensing of various amine vapors with high selectivity and rapid response. Most strikingly, clear fluorescence “on–off” switch-functions toward small organic molecules as well as amine vapors were also explored for luminescent 1 and 2.
The efficient and selective capture of toxic oxo-anions is highly desirable for environmental retrieval and hazardous waste disposal. This has remained an important task and gained considerable ...scientific attention due to their harmful effects on the ecosystem and human health. Herein, a porous cationic metal-organic framework (MOF), namely, Cu
3
Cl(L)(H
2
O)
2
·Cl·4DMA·8H
2
O (
1
), was synthesized (H
4
L = 1,4,8,11-tetrazacyclotetradecane-
N
,
N
′,
N
′′,
N
′′′-tetramethylenecinnamic acid and DMA =
N
,
N
′-dimethylacetamide).
1
shows high stability in aqueous solution and represents an extraordinary example that is capable of efficiently capturing environmentally toxic Cr
2
O
7
2−
and MnO
4
−
anions. Moreover, the removal of Cr
2
O
7
2−
and MnO
4
−
anions from water was also explored in the presence of other competing anions.
A porous cationic metal-organic framework was rationally achieved with nanosized channels, and it exhibited the capability to efficiently capture environmentally toxic Cr
2
O
7
2−
and MnO
4
−
anions.
This systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed to compare the clinical outcomes between 4 intra-articular injections (platelet-rich plasma PRP, hyaluronic acid HA, corticosteroid CS, and HA ...plus PRP) for hip osteoarthritis (OA).
We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane database through April 2018 to identify any randomized controlled trials that evaluated the clinical efficacy of HA, PRP, CS, HA-plus-PRP, and control treatments for hip OA. Baseline information—country, mean age, number of patients, and Kellgren-Lawrence grade of hip OA in the treatment and control groups—was collected. The primary outcome was the visual analog scale (VAS) score at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after injection.
We included 11 randomized controlled trials with a total of 1,060 patients. The Kellgren-Lawrence grades of the treatment and control groups were similar in individual studies. The pair-wise meta-analysis indicated that CS and HA were superior to the control group in reducing the VAS score at 1 month and 3 months (P < .05) and that CS was superior to HA in reducing the VAS score at 1 month (P < .05). The network meta-analysis results indicated that HA and CS exhibited a beneficial role in reducing the VAS score at 1 month. CS achieved the lowest value for the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) for the VAS score at 1 month (0.23), and the SUCRA values of the 5 interventions showed that PRP achieved the lowest SUCRA value for the VAS score at 6 months (0.53).
CS injections are recommended as the most efficient agent in hip OA patients in the short term. Moreover, PRP is reported to have the highest rank for pain relief for up to 6 months. Considering the limitations of this meta-analysis, future direct comparisons with more samples are needed.
Level II, meta-analysis of Level I and II studies.
Aim
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two major limiting factors in terrestrial ecosystems. Excessive N applications alter ecosystem functions by causing nutrient imbalances with P. Yet, little is ...known about why and how the balance between N and P regulates soil multifunctionality –the simultaneous provision of multiple soil functions–.
Methods
We explored how P additions regulated the responses of soil multifunctionality to different levels of N fertilization (10, 20, 40 g N m
−2
yr
−1
) using a mesocosm experiment in a temperate grassland in China.
Results
Nitrogen alone and P addition increased multifunctionality at rate of ≤10 and 20 g N m
−2
yr
−1
, respectively. However, the magnitude of positive effects decreased with N additions over this level. P additions increased multifunctionality resistance to N at low rate of ≤10 g m
−2
yr
−1
compared to higher N levels. Soil N:P stoichiometry and plant diversity played dominant roles in regulating soil multifunctionality.
Conclusions
We found that a balanced combination of N and P additions (20:10) can help maintain the highest multifunctionality in this temperate grassland. The results provide new insights that through P addition, we could better manage soil multifunctionality and increase its resistance to expected fertilization scenarios (≤ 10 g m
−2
yr
−1
).
PDF
