The article describes life and political ideas of Aleksander Trzaska Chrząszczewski, one of the most distinctive political scientists and conservative thinkers of the interwar period in Poland. The ...essay contains many – earlier unknown – biographical details and Chrząszczewski’s political, international and historiosophic conceptions. In his essays Chrząszczewski criticised political system based on the democratic constitution from 1921 and political practise of authoritarian regime ruled after 1926 r. He precisely pointed out inconsistency of Pilsudski’s camp, which declared strengthening of the State as an aim of political activity and on the other hand very often ruled by informal instruments. In the international relations’ area Chrząszczewski was a follower of pro-French orientation. He observed evolution of German political system during Nazi regime and warned against rising of political and military power of Third Reich. “Przypływy i odpływy demokracji” (The Tides of Democracy), written in 1939, is still the most recognizable Chrząszczewski’s work. The Author proposed original vision of political changes stimulated by increasing or decreasing activity of masses. Chrząszczewski’s theory is one of the most interesting attempts to analyze social and political events of 1930s, that could be compared with the ones made by Jose Ortega y Gasset or Florian Znaniecki.
From the History of Political Realism: Aleksander Bochensky and His Memorial on Polish Politics From April 1945The article describes one of the most significant documents in the history of the Polish ...conservative doctrine. In the face of Soviet domination over Poland, in April 1945, a conservative politician, Aleksander Bocheński started negotiations with Jerzy Borejsza, an officer of the Polish People’s Army. Bocheński planned to organise a political group that from the realistic point of view, would accept political domination of the Soviet Union, but the final goal was to limit the consequences of the communist reform in Poland. At this time Bocheński wrote his Memorial, where he justified his political line. In this way he renewed the former conservative tradition from the period of the Partitions. The Memorial on Polish politics was lost form the beginning of the 1990s and its details were not known. The full text of the document, discovered in Bocheński Family Archive is attached to the article.
Amyloid-β 1-40 (Aβ 1-40) and amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ 1-42) are the proteins known to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Hypoxia ...is suspected to be one of conditions associated with Aβ plasma level increase. A common reason of hypoxia is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by recurrent episodes of apnea.
The aim of the study was to evaluate plasma Aβ 1-40 and Aβ 1-42 concentrations in patients with OSA.
Patients with suspected OSA (n = 112) underwent polygraphic examinations Patients with confirmed OSA (n = 81) showed apnea/hypopnea index greater than or equal to 5. Mild and moderate form of the disease was defined when AHI was 5-30 (n = 38, OSA+), severe-when AHI was >30 (n = 43, OSA++). Individuals with AHI<5 (n = 31) served as control group (OSA-).
Aβ 1-40 concentrations in OSA++ (191.1 pg/ml) group was significantly (p<0.05) higher compared with OSA- (76.9 pg/ml) and OSA+ (159.4 pg/ml) and correlated with selected parameters of hypoxemia severity. There were no differences in Aβ 1-42 concentration between the groups.
In patients with severe OSA Aβ 1-40 plasma concentrations are significantly higher compared with OSA- and OSA+ and seem to be related to hypoxia severity, which may indicate increased risk of AD development in this group of patients.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) induces thrombophilia and reduces fibrinolysis. Alpha-2-antiplasmin (a-2-AP) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) are major inhibitors of the fibrinolytic ...system. Increased concentrations of these factors are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to assess plasma a-2-AP and PAI-1 in patients with OSA and evaluate correlations with the polysomnographic record and selected risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. The study group comprised 45 patients with OSA, and the control group consisted of 19 patients who did not meet the diagnostic criteria of OSA. Plasma a-2-AP and PAI-1 concentrations were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the study group, the median value of plasma a-2-AP was higher than that of the control group (157.34 vs. 11.89 pg/ml, respectively, P<0.0001). A-2-AP concentration increased proportionally to the severity of OSA. The concentration of a-2-AP was positively correlated with the apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI), apnoea index (AI), respiratory disturbances time (RDT), and desaturaion index (DI), and negatively correlated with mean and minimal oxygen saturation (SpO2 mean, SpO2 min, respectively). The median value of PAI-1 was higher in the study group than the control group (12.55 vs. 5.40 ng/ml, respectively, P = 0.006) and increased along with OSA severity. PAI-1 concentration was positively correlated with AHI, AI, RDT, DI, and body mass index (BMI) and negatively correlated with SpO2 mean and SpO2 min. Higher plasma concentrations of a-2-AP and PAI-1 in patients with OSA indicated that these patients had increased prothrombotic activity. OSA increases the risk of cardiovascular complications as it enhances prothrombotic activity.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Alcohol consumption causes acute and chronic liver injury. The clinical forms of alcohol liver disease (ALD) include steatosis, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated ...with liver cirrhosis.
The aim of the study was to determine the levels of novel markers of fibrogenesis and angiogenesis in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Serum levels of angiopoietin-like peptide 4 (ANGPTL-4), asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGP-R1), and S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8) were assessed. Levels of hyaluronic acid (Hyal) and collagen IV (Coll IV) werealso determined at various stages of alcoholic liver cirrhosis.
The study group consisted of 72 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, while the control group included 22 healthy subjects without a history of alcohol abuse. The degree of liver cirrhosis was evaluated according to the Pugh-Child criteria (Pugh-Child score). Based on thse scores, patients were assigned to one of three groups: Pugh-Child (P-Ch) A - 21 with stage A, P-Ch B - 23 with stage B and P-Ch C - 28 with stage C liver cirrhosis. Serum levels of markers were determined using ELISA.
The study findings demonstrated higher levels of ANGPTL-4, ASGP-R1, S100A, hyaluronic acid and serum collagen IV in the group of patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, compared to the control group. Furthermore, their levels increased with the progression of alcoholic liver cirrhosis.
The biomarkers analysed in the study may be useful for diagnosis and prognosis in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis.
The article describes Josef and Stanislaw Mackiewicz’s, polish publicists, views on the problem of communism, its nature and origins. Main point of difference in their critiques of communism was ...connected with their views on the relation between communist state and Russian tradition. Stanislaw Mackiewicz after the end of the Second World War was changing his previous opinion and began to see Soviet Union as a new form of Russian imperialism. In this way he could renew the tradition of conservative political realism of Wielopolski. In 1956 r. Stanislaw Mackiewicz came back to Poland and started to act in order to widen polish autonomy in the circumstances of soviet domination. Josef Mackiewicz claimed that communism was a new form of political slavery and that there was no possibilities to act according to traditions of nineteenth century political realism. New dangerous form of political power of Soviet Union exclude any political compromise. In his opinion Soviet Union and its political orbits were no partner for political dialog but an ultimate enemy not only for slaved nations but whole human civilization.
Jesienią 1984 r. Jerzy Giedoryc wydał niemieckojęzyczny numer „Kultury”. Zawierał on artykuły polskich autorów takich jak m.in.: Konstanty Jeleński, Adam Michnik, Zdzisław Najder, Jan Józef Lipski, ...Jerzy Stempowski, Czesław Miłosz, Gustaw Herling-Grudziński oraz Stanisław Swianiewicz. Zestaw znanych nazwisk silnie podkreślał chęć przedstawienia czytelnikowi niemieckojęzycznemu najwybitniejszych autorów mniej lub bardziej związanych z Instytutem Literackim. Prezentowane teksty nie tylko traktowały o zagadnieniu relacji polsko-niemieckich, ale też były swoistą promocją tego czym jest „Kultura” w kręgu niemieckim. Jeden z tekstów autorstwa Swianiewicza był poświęcony postaci Władysława Studnickiego – najważniejszego przedstawiciela orientacji proniemieckiej w latach I wojny światowej i II Rzeczpospolitej. Tekst nigdy nie wyszedł w języku polskim. Dzięki życzliwości Instytutu Literackiego w Masoin Laffite na łamach pisma Folia Historica Cracoviensa ukazuje się polski pierwowzór opublikowanego niemieckiego tłumaczenia. A jest to tekst wyjątkowy. Swianiewicz nie tylko znakomicie przedstawia najważniejsze elementy doktryny Studnickiego, nie tylko wnikliwie przedstawia społeczne tło jego poglądów, ale przytacza szereg osobistych wspomnień odnośnie tej postaci. Dzięki Swianiewiczowi nie tylko poznajemy koncepcje czołowego polskiego „germanofila”, ale przede wszystkim odczujemy ją poprzez wnikliwą i miejscami zaskakująca interpretację autora.
The aim of the study has been to assess the usefulness of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) screening. The capacity of ...both tests to discriminate between healthy individuals or with mild OSAS (apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) < 15/h) vs. patients with moderate or severe OSAS (AHI ≥ 15/h) was evaluated.
The study encompassed 223 patients with a suspicion of the OSAS. The ESS and BQ were completed by patients unassisted. Screening polysomnography was performed using the Porti SleepDoc. The OSAS was diagnosed when AHI ≥ 15/h or AHI ≥ 5/h with simultaneous occurrence of clinical symptoms.
The ESS score was found to be significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group (8.9±5.9 vs. 11.6±5.2 pt, p < 0.0001). Otherwise, there were no significant inter-group differences in the percentage of high-risk individuals according to the BQ (83.7% vs. 92.3%, p > 0.05). Sensitivity of the ESS and BQ was 53.2% and 93.1%, respectively while specificity was 58.8% and 16.2%, respectively. Poor correlation between the ESS score and AHI and apnea index were noticed (r = 0.22, p = 0.001 and r = 0.24, p < 0.001, respectively).
Considering its low sensitivity, the ESS should not be used as a screening test for the OSAS diagnosis amongst candidates for drivers. The BQ is characterised by high sensitivity for the OSAS diagnosis with AHI ≥ 15/h, however, due to low specificity, the questionnaire may increase the number of healthy individuals referred for needless diagnostic procedures. Med Pr 2016;67(6):721-728.
In autumn 1984 Jerzy Giedroyc published a German issue of Kultura. It contained articles by Polish authors such as Konstanty Jeleński, Adam Michnik, Zdzisław Najder, Jan Józef Lipski, Jerzy ...Stempowski, Czesław Miłosz, Gustaw Herling-Grudziński and Stanisław Swianiewicz. This list of renowned names emphasized the wish to familiarize the German reader with the greatest writers closely or loosely connected with the Literary Institute. The issue contained texts not only on the Polish-German relations, but was also a genuine attempt at promoting Kultura in German circles. An article by Swaniewicz was dedicated to the life of Władysław Studnicki – the most important representative of the pro-German faction during War World I and the Second Polish Republic. The article has never been published in the Polish language. Courtesy of the Literary Institute in Masoins-Laffitte, Folia Historica Cracoviensa presents the original Polish work which was later translated into German. It is a very special text. Not only does Swaniewicz perfectly outline the key tenets of Studnicki’s doctrine and detail the social backdrop of Studnicki’s opinions, but he also revisits a number of personal memories of this figure. Thanks to Swaniewicz, in addition to studying the concept of the leading Polish ‘Germanophile’, we may also sense it through the author’s insightful and, at times, surprising interpretation.
The article describes one of the most significant documents in the history of the Polish conservative doctrine. In the face of Soviet domination over Poland, in April 1945, a conservative politician, ...Aleksander Bocheński started negotiations with Jerzy Borejsza, an officer of the Polish People’s Army. Bocheński planned to organise a political group that from the realistic point of view, would accept political domination of the Soviet Union, but the final goal was to limit the consequences of the communist reform in Poland. At this time Bocheński wrote his Memorial, where he justified his political line. In this way he renewed the former conservative tradition from the period of the Partitions. The Memorial on Polish politics was lost form the beginning of the 1990s and its details were not known. The full text of the document, discovered in Bocheński Family Archive is attached to the article.
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