This review describes recent developments in the field of conductive nanomaterials and their application in 2D and 3D printed flexible electronics, with particular emphasis on inks based on metal ...nanoparticles and nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and graphene sheets. We present the basic properties of these nanomaterials, their stabilization in dispersions, formulation of conductive inks and formation of conductive patterns on flexible substrates (polymers, paper, textile) by using various printing technologies and post-printing processes. Applications of conductive nanomaterials for fabrication of various 2D and 3D electronic devices are also briefly discussed.
This review describes recent developments in the field of conductive nanomaterials and their application in 2D and 3D printed flexible electronics, with particular emphasis on inks based on metal nanoparticles and nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and graphene sheets.
Conductive Nanomaterials for Printed Electronics Kamyshny, Alexander; Magdassi, Shlomo
Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany),
September 10, 2014, Letnik:
10, Številka:
17
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This is a review on recent developments in the field of conductive nanomaterials and their application in printed electronics, with particular emphasis on inkjet printing of ink formulations based on ...metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and graphene sheets. The review describes the basic properties of conductive nanomaterials suitable for printed electronics (metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and graphene), their stabilization in dispersions, formulations of conductive inks, and obtaining conductive patterns by using various sintering methods. Applications of conductive nanomaterials for electronic devices (transparent electrodes, metallization of solar cells, RFID antennas, TFTs, and light emitting devices) are also briefly reviewed.
This review reports on recent developments in the field of conductive nanomaterials namely, metal nanoparticles and nanowires, graphene, and carbon nanotubes and their application in printed electronics.
Modern printing is based on digitizing information and then representing it on a substrate, such as paper, pixel by pixel. One of the most common methods of digital printing is through inkjet ...printers. The process of inkjet printing is very complicated, and the ink used must meet certain chemical and physicochemical requirements including those related to storage stability; jetting performance; color management; wetting; and adhesion on substrates. Obviously, these requirements — which represent different scientific disciplines such as colloid chemistry, chemical engineering, and physics — indicate the need for an interdisciplinary book that will cover all aspects of making and utilizing inkjet inks.
The field of 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), is developing rapidly in both academic and industrial research environments. New materials and printing technologies, which enable ...rapid and multimaterial printing, have given rise to new applications and utilizations. However, the main bottleneck for achieving many more applications is the lack of materials with new physical properties. Here, some of the recent reports on novel materials in this field, such as ceramics, glass, shape‐memory polymers, and electronics, are reviewed. Although new materials have been reported for all three main printing approaches—fused deposition modeling, binder jetting or laser sintering/melting, and photopolymerization‐based approaches, apparently, most of the novel physicochemical properties are associated with materials printed by photopolymerization approaches. Furthermore, the high resolution that can be achieved using this type of 3D printing, together with the new properties, has resulted in new implementations such as microfluidic, biomedical devices, and soft robotics. Therefore, the focus here is on photopolymerization‐based additive manufacturing including the recent development of new methods, novel monomers, and photoinitiators, which result in previously inaccessible applications such as complex ceramic structures, embedded electronics, and responsive 3D objects.
Photopolymerization‐based 3D printing materials have been reported widely in recent years. Various materials such as hydrogels, ceramics, and responsive polymers, along with new applications of these materials and methods are described.
Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is a widely studied inorganic phase change material, which has a reversible phase transition from semiconducting monoclinic to metallic rutile phase at a critical temperature ...of τc ≈ 68 °C. The abrupt decrease of infrared transmittance in the metallic phase makes VO2 a potential candidate for thermochromic energy efficient windows to cut down building energy consumption. However, there are three long‐standing issues that hindered its application in energy efficient windows: high τc, low luminous transmittance (Tlum), and undesirable solar modulation ability (ΔTsol). Many approaches, including nano‐thermochromism, porous films, biomimetic surface reconstruction, gridded structures, antireflective overcoatings, etc, have been proposed to tackle these issues. The first approach—nano‐thermochromism—which is to integrate VO2 nanoparticles in a transparent matrix, outperforms the rest; while the thermochromic performance is determined by particle size, stoichiometry, and crystallinity. A hydrothermal method is the most common method to fabricate high‐quality VO2 nanoparticles, and has its own advantages of large‐scale synthesis and precise phase control of VO2. This Review focuses on hydrothermal synthesis, physical properties of VO2 polymorphs, and their transformation to thermochromic VO2(M), and discusses the advantages, challenges, and prospects of VO2(M) in energy‐efficient smart windows application.
VO2 is a potential candidate for thermochromic energy efficient windows due to an abrupt decrease of infrared transmittance in the metallic phase. In this Review, hydrothermal synthesis, physical properties of VO2 polymorphs, and their transformation to thermochromic VO2(M) are discussed. Advantages, challenges, and prospects of VO2(M) in energy‐efficient smart windows are also reviewed.
Self-healing hydrogels may mimic the behavior of living tissues, which can autonomously repair minor damages, and therefore have a high potential for application in biomedicine. So far, such ...hydrogels have been processed only via extrusion-based additive manufacturing technology, limited in freedom of design and resolution. Herein, we present 3D-printed hydrogel with self-healing ability, fabricated using only commercially available materials and a commercial Digital Light Processing printer. These hydrogels are based on a semi-interpenetrated polymeric network, enabling self-repair of the printed objects. The autonomous restoration occurs rapidly, at room temperature, and without any external trigger. After rejoining, the samples can withstand deformation and recovered 72% of their initial strength after 12 hours. The proposed approach enables 3D printing of self-healing hydrogels objects with complex architecture, paving the way for future applications in diverse fields, ranging from soft robotics to energy storage.
The formation of 3D objects composed of shape memory polymers for flexible electronics is described. Layer‐by‐layer photopolymerization of methacrylated semicrystalline molten macromonomers by a 3D ...digital light processing printer enables rapid fabrication of complex objects and imparts shape memory functionality for electrical circuits.
A new approach to achieve coalescence and sintering of metallic nanoparticles at room temperature is presented. It was discovered that silver nanoparticles behave as soft particles when they come ...into contact with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes and undergo a spontaneous coalescence process, even without heating. Utilizing this finding in printing conductive patterns, which are composed of silver nanoparticles, enables achieving high conductivities even at room temperature. Due to the sintering of nanoparticles at room temperature, the formation of conductive patterns on plastic substrates and even on paper is made possible. The resulting high conductivity, 20% of that for bulk silver, enabled fabrication of various devices as demonstrated by inkjet printing of a plastic electroluminescent device.
This is a review on recent developments in the field of transparent conductive coatings (TCCs) for ITO replacement. The review describes the basic properties of conductive nanomaterials suitable for ...fabrication of such TCCs (metallic nanoparticles and nanowires, carbon nanotubes and graphene sheets), various methods of patterning the metal nanoparticles with formation of conductive transparent metallic grids, honeycomb structures and 2D arrays of interconnected rings as well as fabrication of TCCs based on graphene and carbon nanotubes. Applications of TCCs in electronic and optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells, electroluminescent and electrochromic devices, touch screens and displays, and transparent EMI shielders, are discussed.
This review covers recent developments in the fabrication of transparent conductive coatings composed of nanomaterials.
Transparent and flexible conductors are a major component in many modern optoelectronic devices, such as touch screens for smart phones, displays, and solar cells. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer a ...good alternative to commonly used conductive materials, such as metal oxides (
e.g.
ITO) for flexible electronics. The production of transparent conductive patterns, and arrays composed of connected CNT "coffee rings" on a flexible substrate poly(ethylene terephthalate), has been reported. Direct patterning is achieved by inkjet printing of an aqueous dispersion of CNTs, which self-assemble at the rim of evaporating droplets. After post-printing treatment with hot nitric acid, the obtained TCFs are characterized by a sheet resistance of 156 Ω sq
−1
and transparency of 81% (at 600 nm), which are the best reported values obtained by inkjet printing of conductive CNTs. This makes such films very promising as transparent conductors for various electronic devices, as demonstrated by using an electroluminescent device.
Inkjet printing of CNT "coffee rings" on a flexible substrate is reported enabling direct patterning of transparent conductors with a sheet resistance of 156 Ω sq
−1
and transparency of 81%.
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