Agency Choice of Policymaking Form Magill, M. Elizabeth
The University of Chicago law review,
10/2004, Letnik:
71, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Everyone knows that administrative agencies choose their policymaking forms, that they choose differently across time and across agencies, and that courts do not directly inquire into that choice. ...But these facts are not considered worthy of attention. This article is, first and foremost, an argument that they do merit our attention and investigation. It has argued that agency choice of procedure is both crucial and little understood as a positive matter. It has also demonstrated that judicial reaction to that choice is not, as it first appears, hands-off. Courts do in fact review such choices - albeit indirectly - by altering the consequences of those choices. The indirect form of judicial review identified here not only provides an explanation for the vitality of Chenery II. It also opens a window onto another model of judicial review of agency action, one that should be understood to stand alongside the conventional approach to judicial control of administration.
The complete basis set method CBS-QB3 was used in conjunction with the CPCM solvation model to predict both the absolute and relative pK a's of 12 nucleophilic carbenes in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ...acetonitrile (MeCN), and water. Average absolute pK a values in DMSO ranged from 14.4 ± 0.16 for 3-methylthiazol-2-ylidene (12) to 27.9 ± 0.23 in the case of bis(dimethylamino)carbene (11), while values in MeCN were determined to be between 25.7 ± 0.16 (12) and 39.1 ± 0.25 (11). Relative pK a calculations yielded similar results. Calculations in aqueous solution gave pK a's between 21.2 ± 0.2 (12) and 34.0 ± 0.3 (11). Excellent agreement between calculated and experimental pK a's was obtained for the few cases where experimental numbers are available, confirming that this theoretical approach may be used to calculate highly accurate pK a values.
The treatment of the hydrazine complex cis-Fe(N2H4)(dmpe)22+ with base afforded the diazene complex cis-Fe(N2H2)(dmpe)2. This reaction is reversed by the treatment of the diazene complex with a mild ...acid, while treatment of the hydrazine complex with a mixture of KOBu t and Bu t Li afforded the dinitrogen complex Fe(N2)(dmpe)2.
The derivation of structural information from spectroscopic data is now an integral part of organic chemistry courses at all Universities. Over recent years, a number of powerful two-dimensional NMR ...techniques ( e.g. HSQC, HMBC, TOCSY, COSY and NOESY) have been developed and these have vastly expanded the amount of structural information that can be obtained by NMR spectroscopy. Improvements in NMR instrumentation now mean that 2D NMR spectra are routinely (and sometimes automatically) acquired during the identification and characterisation of organic compounds. Organic Structures from 2D NMR Spectra is a carefully chosen set of more than 60 structural problems employing 2D-NMR spectroscopy. The problems are graded to develop and consolidate a student's understanding of 2D NMR spectroscopy. There are many easy problems at the beginning of the collection, to build confidence and demonstrate the basic principles from which structural information can be extracted using 2D NMR. The accompanying text is very descriptive and focussed on explaining the underlying theory at the most appropriate level to sufficiently tackle the problems. Organic Structures from 2D NMR Spectra * Is a graded series of about 60 problems in 2D NMR spectroscopy that assumes a basic knowledge of organic chemistry and a basic knowledge of one-dimensional NMR spectroscopy * Incorporates the basic theory behind 2D NMR and those common 2D NMR experiments that have proved most useful in solving structural problems in organic chemistry * Focuses on the most common 2D NMR techniques – including COSY, NOESY, HMBC, TOCSY, CH-Correlation and multiplicity-edited C-H Correlation. * Incorporates several examples containing the heteronuclei 31 P, 15 N and 19 F Organic Structures from 2D NMR Spectra is a logical follow-on from the highly successful " Organic Structures from Spectra " which is now in its fifth edition. The book will be invaluable for students of Chemistry, Pharmacy, Biochemistry and those taking courses in Organic Chemistry. Also available: Instructors Guide and Solutions Manual to Organic Structures from 2D NMR Spectra
We provide an overview of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) efficacy for adult alcohol or other drug use disorders (AOD) and consider some key variations in application as well as contextual (ie, ...moderators) or mechanistic (ie, mediators) factors related to intervention outcomes.
This work is a narrative overview of the review literature on CBT for AOD.
Robust evidence suggests the efficacy of classical/traditional CBT compared to minimal and usual care control conditions. CBT combined with another evidence-based treatment such as Motivational Interviewing, Contingency Management, or pharmacotherapy is also efficacious compared to minimal and usual care control conditions, but no form of CBT consistently demonstrates efficacy compared to other empirically-supported modalities. CBT and integrative forms of CBT have potential for flexible application such as use in a digital format. Data on mechanisms of action, however, are quite limited and this is despite preliminary evidence that shows that CBT effect sizes on mechanistic outcomes (ie, secondary measures of psychosocial adjustment) are moderate and typically larger than those for AOD use.
CBT for AOD is a well-established intervention with demonstrated efficacy, effect sizes are in the small-to-moderate range, and there is potential for tailoring given the modular format of the intervention. Future work should consider mechanisms of CBT efficacy and key conditions for dissemination and implementation with fidelity.
Abstract The present work provides an overview, and pilot reliability and validity for the Alcohol Intervention Mechanisms Scale (AIMS). The AIMS measures therapist interventions that occur broadly ...across modalities of behavioral treatment for alcohol use disorder. It was developed based on identified commonalities in the function rather than content of therapist interventions in observed therapy sessions, as well as from existing observer rating systems. In the AIMS, the primary function areas are: Explore (four behavior count codes), Teach (five behavior count codes), and Connect (three behavior count codes). Therapist behavior counts provide a frequency rating of occurrence (i.e., adherence). The three functions (Explore, Teach, Connect) are then rated on global skillfulness, which provides a quality valence (i.e., competence) to the entire session. In the present study, three independent raters received roughly 30 hours of training on the use of the AIMS by the first author. Data were a sample of therapy session audio files from a Project MATCH clinical research site. Reliability results showed generally good performance for the measure. Specifically, 2-way mixed Intraclass Coefficients were ‘excellent’, ranging from .94 to .99 for function summary scores, while Prevalence-Adjusted, Bias-Adjusted Kappa for global skillfulness measures were in the ‘fair’ to ‘moderate’ range ( k = . 36 to.40). Internal consistency reliability was acceptable, as were preliminary factor models by behavioral treatment function (i.e., Explore, Teach, Connect). However, confirmatory fit for the subsequent three factor model was poor. In concurrent validity analyses, AIMS summary and skillfulness scores showed associations with relevant Project MATCH criterion measures (i.e., MATCH Tape Rating Scale) that were consistent with expectations. The AIMS is a promising and reliable observational measure of three proposed common functions of behavioral alcohol treatment.
The corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) exerts its effects by acting on its receptors and on the binding protein (CRFBP), and has been implicated in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Therefore, ...identification of the exact contribution of each protein that mediates CRF effects is necessary to design effective therapeutic strategies for AUD. A series of in vitro/in vivo experiments across different species were performed to define the biological discrete role of CRFBP in AUD. First, to establish the CRFBP role in receptor signaling, we developed a novel chimeric cell-based assay and showed that CFRBP full length can stably be expressed on the plasma membrane. We discovered that only CRFBP(10 kD) fragment is able to potentiate CRF-intracellular Ca
release. We provide evidence that CRHBP gene loss increased ethanol consumption in mice. Then, we demonstrate that selective reduction of CRHBP expression in the center nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) decreases ethanol consumption in ethanol-dependent rats. CRFBP amygdalar downregulation, however, does not attenuate yohimbine-induced ethanol self-administration. This effect was associated with decreased hemodynamic brain activity in the CRFBP-downregulated CeA and increased hemodynamic activity in the caudate putamen during yohimbine administration. Finally, in alcohol-dependent patients, genetic variants related to the CRFBP(10 kD) fragment were associated with greater risk for alcoholism and anxiety, while other genetic variants were associated with reduced risk for anxiety. Taken together, our data provide evidence that CRFBP may possess both inhibitory and excitatory roles and may represent a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of AUD.
Magill argues that the two central commitments of contemporary separation of powers law are a failure. Taking seriously the failings of current law offers at least two important lessons for its ...reconceptualization, with the most significant lesson being that if one is interested in fragmenting state power and assuring that it remains fragmented, the failure of the conventional approaches is of little moment.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, PRFLJ, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Transport features predict if a molecule is odorous Mayhew, Emily J; Arayata, Charles J; Gerkin, Richard C ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
04/2022, Letnik:
119, Številka:
15
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In studies of vision and audition, stimuli can be chosen to span the visible or audible spectrum; in olfaction, the axes and boundaries defining the analogous odorous space are unknown. As a result, ...the population of olfactory space is likewise unknown, and anecdotal estimates of 10,000 odorants have endured. The journey a molecule must take to reach olfactory receptors (ORs) and produce an odor percept suggests some chemical criteria for odorants: a molecule must 1) be volatile enough to enter the air phase, 2) be nonvolatile and hydrophilic enough to sorb into the mucous layer coating the olfactory epithelium, 3) be hydrophobic enough to enter an OR binding pocket, and 4) activate at least one OR. Here, we develop a simple and interpretable quantitative model that reliably predicts whether a molecule is odorous or odorless based solely on the first three criteria. Applying our model to a database of all possible small organic molecules, we estimate that at least 40 billion possible compounds are odorous, six orders of magnitude larger than current estimates of 10,000. With this model in hand, we can define the boundaries of olfactory space in terms of molecular volatility and hydrophobicity, enabling representative sampling of olfactory stimulus space.
PDF
