FOREWORD Magill, M Elizabeth
Stanford journal of civil rights & civil liberties,
05/2018, Letnik:
14
Journal Article
A recent poll by the Washington Post and Kaiser Family Foundation found that one in five Americans have attended a protest or a rally in the last two years, and nineteen percent of those who attended ...said they had never attended a protest or rally before 2016.1 This Special Issue zeroes in on the many complexities that lie underneath these facts: what form is this activism taking? Professor Miriam Gohara focuses on recent, national changes to criminal justice policy, which she predicts will dramatically increase incarceration rates. Changed course in criminal justice policy, she argues, can best be resisted by those at the local political level, who have the best understanding of the drivers of violent crime and the consequences of incarceration.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most clinically significant pathogens with emerging antibiotic resistance. We performed a surveillance study in isolated rural populations of healthy children ...to estimate the prevalence of pneumococcal resistance and to contrast factors that predict pneumococcal carriage with those that specifically predict resistant pneumococcal carriage.
The study was conducted in 1998 in 2 rural communities in Utah. Families were recruited directly for participation through community canvassing. Surveillance nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained from children who were younger than 8 years. Antibiotic usage and information on other potential risk factors were obtained from questionnaires and local pharmacy records. Resistance was determined by testing isolates for susceptibility to penicillin, cefaclor, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, ceftriaxone, and trovafloxacin. Selected resistant isolates were characterized further by serotyping, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, and Southern blot with DNA probes specific for the pneumococcal lytA gene and for antibiotic resistance genes.
In April 1998, surveillance nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained from 368 children aged </=8 years in community A and 369 children in community B. The number of antibiotic courses per child within 1 year before culture was higher in community B than A (mean: 2.2 vs 1.7). Conversely, oral cephalosporins were more frequently used in community A than B (community A: 22% received cephalosporins within 4 months; community B: 12%). Colonization with S pneumoniae was detected in 24% of children in community A and 14% in community B; 36% of isolates from community A and 28% of isolates from community B were resistant or intermediately susceptible to at least 1 antibiotic tested. Reduced susceptibility was most common to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and cefaclor (28% and 26%, respectively). Pneumococcal carriage (susceptible or resistant) was independently associated with age <5 years (odds ratio OR: 2.2), child care exposure (OR: 2.4), presence of a sibling with a positive culture (OR: 3.3), and residence in community A (OR: 1.7). Among carriers, age <2 years (OR: 2.6), use of cephalosporins within the preceding 4 months (OR: 2.7), and having a sibling colonized with resistant S pneumoniae (OR: 5.5) were independent predictors of reduced susceptibility or resistance. Each pair of resistant isolates from siblings was indistinguishable by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and other molecular typing techniques. Several pneumococcal isolates from these isolated rural areas had the molecular characteristics of international clones of multiple-drug-resistant pneumococci that have been associated with worldwide spread.
Young age and intrafamilial transmission were important risk factors for carriage of both susceptible and resistant S pneumoniae. In contrast, previous cephalosporin use was linked specifically to resistant pneumococcal carriage, which suggests that modifications in antibiotic usage patterns may have salutary effects on antimicrobial resistance. These results extend previous observations in large cities regarding the penetration of multiple-drug-resistant clones of pneumococci into community populations.
THE REVOLUTION THAT WASN'T Magill, M Elizabeth
Northwestern University law review,
09/2004, Letnik:
99, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A principal legacy of the Rehnquist Court is its revitalization of doctrines associated with federalism. That jurisprudence has many critics and many defenders. They disagree about how to describe ...what has happened. Here, Magill asks why there has been no "revolution" in separation of powers jurisprudence during the Rehnquist Court.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
CEKLJ, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, PRFLJ, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The purpose was to compare step count accuracy of an accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+), a mechanical pedometer (Yamax SW200), and a piezoelectric pedometer (SC-StepMX). Older adults (n = 13 with ...walking aids, n = 22 without; M = 81.5 years old, SD = 5.0) walked 100 m wearing the devices. Device-detected steps were compared with manually counted steps. We found no significant differences among monitors for those who walked without aids (p = .063). However, individuals who used walking aids exhibited slower gait speeds (M = 0.83 m/s, SD = 0.2) than non-walking aid users (M = 1.21 m/s, SD = 0.2, p < .001), and for them the SC-StepMX demonstrated a significantly lower percentage of error (Mdn = 1.0, interquartile range IQR = 0.5-2.0) than the other devices (Yamax SW200, Mdn = 68.9, IQR = 35.9-89.3; left GT3X+, Mdn = 52.0, IQR = 37.1-58.9; right GT3X+, Mdn = 51.0, IQR = 32.3-66.5; p < .05). These results support using a piezoelectric pedometer for measuring steps in older adults who use walking aids and who walk slowly.
The Alcohol Purchase Task (APT), a behavioral economic measure of alcohol's reinforcing value (demand), has been used to predict the effects of Brief Motivational Intervention (BMI) on alcohol use ...outcomes. However, it is not known whether BMI may be more or less efficacious, relative to control, among those with different levels of alcohol demand prior to treatment.
Non college-attending young adults (N = 150) reporting past-month heavy drinking were randomized to a single in-person session of BMI or a relaxation training control (REL). The BMI included delivery of personalized feedback and focused on developing discrepancy between the young adults' goals and their current pattern of alcohol use. At baseline, participants completed assessments of alcohol use and the APT. Drinking levels were re-assessed at 6 weeks and 3 months post-intervention. Demand indices derived from the APT were examined as moderators of treatment effects on follow-up drinking after covarying for baseline alcohol use.
Two of four APT demand indices – intensity and Omax - moderated treatment outcomes. Relative to REL, BMI led to greater reductions in total number of drinks consumed and drinks per drinking day among participants with higher baseline alcohol demand. This association was not observed among participants with lower levels of alcohol demand.
These results demonstrate that BMI may be particularly beneficial for those with a high reinforcing value of alcohol. The mechanism for this effect is unclear, and determining the process by which BMI confers increased benefit for these individuals is a fruitful area for future work.
•We examined whether baseline alcohol demand moderated brief intervention outcomes in non-college-attending young adult heavy drinkers•Among those with high demand for alcohol, Brief Motivational Intervention (BMI) was especially efficacious•Non-college-attending youth who drink heavily and have high alcohol demand may especially benefit from BMI
Highlights • Research suggests the α1 receptor agonists reduces alcohol consumption. • Pre-treatment blood pressure (BP) predicts therapeutic response of prazosin in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ...(PTSD) patients. • Doxazosin reduced alcohol consumption in alcohol-dependent (AD) patients with a high family history density of alcoholism (FHDA).
Carbon disulfide reacted with the cyclometalated ruthenium complex RuH(η2-CH2PMe2)(PMe3)3 (1) at low temperature to yield the dithioformate complex Ru(η1-SC(S)H)(η2-CH2PMe2)(PMe3)3 (4), where the ...CS2 inserts into the metal hydride bond. On warming, complex 4 rearranges to give the known complex Ru(S2CHPMe2CH2-κ3 S,S,C)(PMe3)3 (3), where the CS2 is inserted in a metal phosphorus bond. Further reaction of this complex with excess CS2 over a period of days resulted in insertion of a second CS2 unit into one Ru–S bond to yield Ru(SC(S)SCH(-S)PMe2CH2-κ3 S,S,C)(PMe3)3 (5). Complex 5 was characterized crystallographically and by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. In contrast, reaction of RuH(η2-CH2PMe2)(PMe3)3 (1) with CO2 resulted in insertion of CO2 into the Ru–C bond to give RuH(OC(O)CH2PMe2-κ2 O,P)(PMe3)3 (2). Low-temperature NMR spectroscopic studies did not show any evidence for prior formation of a formate complex.
A new tripodal, tetradentate, carbon-centered podand ligand based on HC(CH2CH2PPh2)3 (HCP3) has been prepared. In the presence of RuCl2(PPh3)3, HCP3 dehydrogenates on heating to yield ...Ru(C(CH2CH2PPh2)2(CHCH2PPh2))Cl2, where three phosphorus donors and a constrained alkene bind the metal. The metal–carbon bond is then formed by reduction with hydride in the presence of an ancillary ligand, to give Ru(C(CH2CH2PPh2)3)LX (L = ancillary ligand; X = H, Cl), where the metal has the full CP3 donor set. The complex Ru(CP3)(CO)H displays moderate catalytic activity for the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone.
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