Mapping the Conservation Landscape Redford, Kent H.; Coppolillo, Peter; Sanderson, Eric W. ...
Conservation biology,
February 2003, Letnik:
17, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Before widespread, informed collaboration can take place in conservation there must be a process of understanding the different approaches employed by different conservation organizations to conserve ...biodiversity. To begin this process and to help build understanding and collaboration, we provide a conceptual map of 21 approaches currently being implemented by 13 conservation organizations. We examined each of these approaches according to (1) the nature of the conservation target-the object(s) of the conservation action; (2) whether the question addressed is where conservation should be done or how conservation should be done; (3) the scale (both grain and extent) of the approach; and (4) the principles that underlie the approach. These questions provide a good way of distinguishing between most of the approaches and reveal that there is less competition between them than is assumed. We conclude that only with explicit understanding can the conservation community and its supporters critically compare approaches and come to a consensus about a set of metrics for measuring and achieving global conservation.
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently described paramyxovirus that causes lower respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The hMPV fusion (F) protein is a membrane-anchored ...glycoprotein and major protective antigen. All hMPV F protein sequences determined to date contain an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, suggesting that F engages RGD-binding integrins to mediate cell entry. The divalent cation chelator EDTA, which disrupts heterodimeric integrin interactions, inhibits infectivity of hMPV but not the closely related respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which lacks an RGD motif. Function-blocking antibodies specific for αvβ1 integrin inhibit infectivity of hMPV but not RSV. Transfection of nonpermissive cells with αv or β1 cDNAs confers hMPV infectivity, whereas reduction of αv and β1 integrin expression by siRNA inhibits hMPV infection. Recombinant hMPV F protein binds to cells, whereas Arg-Gly-Glu (RGE)-mutant F protein does not. These data suggest that αvβ1 integrin is a functional receptor for hMPV.
Artificial insemination (AI) and the cryopreservation of sperm with full reproductive capabilities are vital in the armamentarium
of infertility clinics and reproductive laboratories. Notwithstanding ...the fantastic successes with AI and sperm cryopreservation
in numerous species, including humans and cattle, these assisted reproductive technologies are less well developed in other
species of importance for biomedical research, such as genetically modified mice and nonhuman primates. To that end, AI at
high efficiency in the rhesus macaque ( Macaca mullata ) and the successful cryopreservation of rhesus sperm is presented here, as are the complexities of this primate model due
to differences in reproductive tract anatomy and gamete physiology. Cryopreservation had no effect on the ability of sperm
to fertilize oocytes in vitro or in vivo. Post-thaw progressive motility was not affected by cryopreservation; however, acrosome
integrity was lower for cryopreserved (74.1%) than for fresh sperm (92.7%). Fertilization rates did not differ when fresh
(58.1%; n = 32/55) or cryopreserved sperm (63.8%; n = 23/36) were used for in vitro fertilization. Similarly, pregnancy rates
did not differ significantly after AI with fresh (57.1%; n = 8/14) or cryopreserved sperm (62.5%; n = 5/8). Seven live rhesus
macaques were born following AI with fresh sperm, and three live offspring and two ongoing pregnancies were obtained when
cryopreserved sperm were used. Cryopreservation of rhesus sperm as presented here would allow for the cost-effective storage
of lineages of nonhuman primates with known genotypes. These results suggest that either national or international centers
could be established as repositories to fill the global needs of sperm for nonhuman primate research and to provide the experimental
foundation on which to explore and perfect the preservation of sperm from endangered nonhuman primates.
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently described paramyxovirus that causes lower respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The hMPV fusion (F) protein is a membrane-anchored ...glycoprotein and major protective antigen. All hMPV F protein sequences determined to date contain an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, suggesting that F engages RGD-binding integrins to mediate cell entry. The divalent cation chelator EDTA, which disrupts heterodimeric integrin interactions, inhibits infectivity of hMPV but not the closely related respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which lacks an RGD motif. Function-blocking antibodies specific for αvβ1 integrin inhibit infectivity of hMPV but not RSV. Transfection of nonpermissive cells with αv or β1 cDNAs confers hMPV infectivity, whereas reduction of αv and β1 integrin expression by siRNA inhibits hMPV infection. Recombinant hMPV F protein binds to cells, whereas Arg-Gly-Glu (RGE)-mutant F protein does not. These data suggest that αvβ1 integrin is a functional receptor for hMPV. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently described paramyxovirus that causes lower respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The hMPV fusion (F) protein is a membrane-anchored ...glycoprotein and major protective antigen. All hMPV F protein sequences determined to date contain an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, suggesting that F engages RGD- binding integrins to mediate cell entry. The divalent cation chelator EDTA, which disrupts heterodimeric integrin interactions, inhibits infectivity of hMPV but not the closely related respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which lacks an RGD motif. Function- blocking antibodies specific for avb1 integrin inhibit infectivity of hMPV but not RSV. Transfection of nonpermissive cells with av or b1 cDNAs confers hMPV infectivity, whereas reduction of av and b1 integrin expression by siRNA inhibits hMPV infection. Recombinant hMPV F protein binds to cells, whereas Arg-Gly-Glu (RGE)-mutant F protein does not. These data suggest that avb1 integrin is a functional receptor for hMPV.
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently described paramyxovirus that causes lower respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The hMPV fusion (F) protein is a membrane-anchored ...glycoprotein and major protective antigen. All hMPV F protein sequences determined to date contain an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, suggesting that F engages RGD-binding integrins to mediate cell entry. The divalent cation chelator EDTA, which disrupts heterodimeric integrin interactions, inhibits infectivity of hMPV but not the closely related respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which lacks an RGD motif. Function-blocking antibodies specific for αvβ1 integrin inhibit infectivity of hMPV but not RSV. Transfection of nonpermissive cells with αv or β1 cDNAs confers hMPV infectivity, whereas reduction of αv and β1 integrin expression by siRNA inhibits hMPV infection. Recombinant hMPV F protein binds to cells, whereas Arg-Gly-Glu (RGE)-mutant F protein does not. These data suggest that αvβ1 integrin is a functional receptor for hMPV.
Previous studies based on recalled occupational histories have implicated metal and solvent exposure in the etiology of motor neuron disease (MND). We have used death certificates held in pension ...fund archives and linked unbiased historical occupational records to investigate the effects of occupational exposure to metals or solvents on the risk of death from MND in 22 cases and 206 controls from 22,526 past employees of a major UK engineering company. We found no evidence of increased risk of death from MND in individuals who had worked with either metals (adjusted odds ratio=0.88, 95% CI 0.35-2.22) or solvents (odds ratio=1.12, 95% CI 0.45-2.78), and no relation between disease risk and either duration or intensity of exposure. We conclude that metal and solvent exposures are unlikely to be involved in the etiology of MND.
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