A 3-pyrazolinyl-naphthalimide with a benzo-15-crown-5 receptor operates as a wavelength-reconfigurable dual-output logic gate. Excited with 365 nm light, Na
+
and Mg
2+
are detected by orange and ...white light emission, respectively.
A 3-pyrazolinyl-naphthalimide is demonstrated as a wavelength-reconfigurable dual-output logic gate that emits orange light on binding Na
+
and white light on binding Mg
2+
.
Insects have evolved multiple mechanisms to adapt to variations in environmental temperatures, including postural control of solar input, variations in diurnal activity, external morphological ...structures and selecting/generating microhabitats. Foam produced by Mahanarva fimbriolata nymphs (also known as root spittlebugs) was found to aid in creating a constant thermal microhabitat despite environmental temperature fluctuations. The temperature within the foam was found to be similar to that of soil during the day and remained constant despite fluctuating external temperatures. In chemically analysing the composition of the foam, palmitic and stearic acids, carbohydrates and proteins were detected. These substances have previously been shown to act as a surfactant to stabilize and modulate foams. Since the immature ancestor of the spittlebug developed below ground, it is speculated that the foam may function as an 'extension' of the soil and, thus, may have enabled the spittlebug to emerge from the soil and adopt an epigean lifestyle.
The heterogeneous electron transfer reduction of the bicyclic endoperoxide 1,4-diphenyl-2,3-dioxabicyclo2.2.1hept-5-ene (4) was investigated in N,N-dimethylformamide at a glassy carbon electrode. The ...endoperoxide reacts by a concerted dissociative ET mechanism resulting in reduction of the O-O bond with an observed peak potential of -1.4 V at 0.2 V s-1. The major product (90% yield) resulting from the heterogeneous bulk electrolysis of 4 at -1.4 V with a rotating disk glassy carbon electrode is 1,4-diphenyl-cyclopent-2-ene-cis-1,3-diol with a consumption of 1.73 electrons per mole. In contrast, 1,4-diphenyl-2,3-dioxabicyclo2.2.2oct-5-ene (1), undergoes a two-electron reduction mechanism in quantitative yield. This difference in product yield between 1 and 4 is suggestive of a radical-anion mechanism, as observed with 1,4-diphenyl-2,3-dioxabicyclo-2.2.2 octane (2) and 1,4-diphenyl-2,3-dioxabicyclo2.2.1heptane (3). Convolution potential sweep voltammetry is used to determine unknown thermochemical parameters of 4, including the O-O bond dissociation energy and the standard reduction potential and a comparison is made to the previously studied bicyclic endoperoxides 1-3 with respect to the effect of molecular structure on the reactivity of distonic radical anions.
Dynamical simulations of the coupled rotational and orbital dynamics of binary near-Earth asteroid 66391 (1999 KW4) suggest that it is excited as a result of perturbations from the Sun during ...perihelion passages. Excitation of the mutual orbit will stimulate complex fluctuations in the orbit and rotation of both components, inducing the attitude of the smaller component to have large variation within some orbits and to hardly vary within others. The primary's proximity to its rotational stability limit suggests an origin from spin-up and disruption of a loosely bound precursor within the past million years.
Three hybrid 1,3,5-triaryl-Δ2-pyrazoline and 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide molecular logic gates, differentiated by phenyl, para-N,N-dimethylaniline and ferrocene substituents, were designed and ...synthesised according to fluorophore–receptor, receptor1–spacer–fluorophore–receptor2 and electron-donor–spacer–fluorophore–receptor formats. The electron-rich para-N,N-dimethylaniline and ferrocene substituents, receptor1 and electron-donor, respectively, participate in photoinduced electron transfer (PET). The thermodynamics for PET on oxidation of these two substituents are identical. However, experimental evidence observed in the solid state suggests that PET is faster from ferrocene than N,N-dimethylaniline. Computational calculations using the four-point method indicate that the activation barrier for PET is greater for N,N-dimethylaniline than ferrocene due to a larger inner reorganisation energy. In solution the compounds are endowed with a polarity-tunable internal charge transfer (ICT) mechanism and colourful solvatochromatism. Lippert–Mataga plots, based on data in 15 organic solvents, reveal a significant dipole moment difference between the ground and excited state. In tetrahydrofuran (THF) the steady-state fluorescence emission switches from 11-fold to 34-fold in the presence of H+ or/and Fe3+. The molecules are demonstrated as H+-driven NOT, H+-driven off-on-off (sequential YES and NOT), and H+, Fe3+-driven INHIBIT logic gates, respectively. DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+g(d,p) level provide insight into the frontier molecular orbitals and delineate the PET and ICT mechanisms.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a member of the Hepeviridae family; it has four main genotypes and one serotype. While genotypes 1 and 2 cause epidemic hepatitis and are transmitted via water and the ...fecal-oral route, genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic. In the various seroprevalence studies of hepatitis E in Brazil, the numbers reported vary widely and are difficult to interpret. The aim of this study was to analyze existing seroprevalence studies of hepatitis E in adults in Brazil.
We searched the PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences and Embase databases for studies published from inception to May 12, 2018 concerning infection by HEV in Brazil without time period or language restrictions. We included studies that presented data concerning hepatitis E seroprevalence in adults in Brazil, had a sample size ≥50 patients and whose method used for the detection of anti-HEV was standardized and commercialized. We also evaluated the quality of the articles using a list of criteria that totalized 9 items. Of the 20 studies ultimately analyzed, 10 (50%) were from the southeast region of Brazil, 3 (15%) were from the central-west region, 3 (15%) were from the northern region, 2 (10%) were from the northeast region and 2 (10%) were from the southern region. Regarding the quality evaluation of the studies, the mean score was 5.6 (range: 4-8). The estimated overall seroprevalence of HEV infection in the adult population was 6.0% (95% CI: 5.0-7.0); in subgroup analyses, we observed that the prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in blood donors was 7.0% (95% CI: 5.0-8.0), whereas in the general population, it was 3.0% (95% CI: 2.0-4.0).
The results of this systematic review indicate that there should be national investment in the prevention of hepatitis E virus infection in Brazil, including the implementation of improvements in basic sanitation and guidance regarding the appropriate handling of animal waste and the optimal cooking of vegetables, meat and their derivatives.
Three hybrid 1,3,5-triaryl-Δ
2
-pyrazoline and 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide molecular logic gates, differentiated by phenyl,
para-N
,
N
-dimethylaniline and ferrocene substituents, were designed and ...synthesised according to fluorophore-receptor, receptor
1
-spacer-fluorophore-receptor
2
and electron-donor-spacer-fluorophore-receptor formats. The electron-rich
para-N
,
N
-dimethylaniline and ferrocene substituents, receptor
1
and electron-donor, respectively, participate in photoinduced electron transfer (PET). The thermodynamics for PET on oxidation of these two substituents are identical. However, experimental evidence observed in the solid state suggests that PET is faster from ferrocene than
N
,
N
-dimethylaniline. Computational calculations using the four-point method indicate that the activation barrier for PET is greater for
N
,
N
-dimethylaniline than ferrocene due to a larger inner reorganisation energy. In solution the compounds are endowed with a polarity-tunable internal charge transfer (ICT) mechanism and colourful solvatochromatism. Lippert-Mataga plots, based on data in 15 organic solvents, reveal a significant dipole moment difference between the ground and excited state. In tetrahydrofuran (THF) the steady-state fluorescence emission switches from 11-fold to 34-fold in the presence of H
+
or/and Fe
3+
. The molecules are demonstrated as H
+
-driven NOT, H
+
-driven off-on-off (sequential YES and NOT), and H
+
, Fe
3+
-driven INHIBIT logic gates, respectively. DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+g(d,p) level provide insight into the frontier molecular orbitals and delineate the PET and ICT mechanisms.
Emissive bichromophoric solvatochromatic molecules are introduced as a new platform for the development of fluorescent molecular logic gates.
Summary
This report describes the history, clinical signs and treatment of three horses suffering from deviation and immobility of the mandible resulting from fracture of a coronoid process of the ...mandible. Deviation and immobility resulted from impingement of a callus between the temporal bone and zygomatic arch. Fracture of the coronoid process was identified by using radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography or a combination of two or more of these imaging modalities. Osteoarthritis of the ipsilateral temporomandibular joint of two horses was identified. All horses were treated by excising the fractured coronoid process, and two were also treated by excising the diseased ipsilateral mandibular condyle. All horses were able to open their mouth more widely immediately after surgery. One horse experienced moderate post‐operative haemorrhage, and all had severe shear mouth. Shear mouth was ameliorated gradually over many months by rasping dental overgrowths. Mandibular movement of all horses improved, allowing efficient mastication of feed. One horse was able to be used as a showjumper, one horse was sold at Thoroughbred yearling sales and was lost to follow‐up, and one horse died from an unrelated gastrointestinal disease 10 months after mandibular coronoidectomy and condylectomy.
PDF
