This paper synthesizes insights from new global data on the effeaiveness of migration policies. It investigates the complex links between migration policies and migration trends to disentangle policy ...effects from structural migration determinants. The analysis challenges two central assumptions underpinning the popular idea that migration restrictions have failed to curb migration. First, post-WWII global migration levels have not accelerated, but remained relatively stable while most shifts in migration patterns have been directional. Second, post-WWII migration policies have generally liberalized despite political rhetoric suggesting the contrary. While migration policies are generally effective, "substitution effects" can limit their effeaiveness, or even make them counterproduaive, by geographically diverting migration, interrupting circulation, encouraging unauthorized migration, or prompting "now or never" migration surges. These effeas expose fundamental policy dilemmas and highlight the importance of understanding the economic, social, and political trends that shape migration in sometimes counterintuitive, but powerful, ways that largely lie beyond the reach of migration policies.
This paper investigates the determinants of firm innovation in Indonesia. Using quality of local regulations index constructed by the Indonesia’s Regional Autonomy Watch (KPPOD) as measure of ...institutions, We found that better institutional quality at the local level was associated with more innovation and that firms experiencing major obstacle in access to finance were less likely to innovate. Access to finance is more critical for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) whereas institutional quality is more important for large firms. The positive impact of better institutions on innovation is asymmetrically distributed. Better local institutional quality disproportionately benefited non-constrained firms.AbstrakMakalah ini menyelidiki faktor-faktor penentu terjadinya inovasi pada perusahaan di Indonesia. Sebagai proksi kelembagaan digunakan variabel Peraturan Daerah yang dibuat oleh Komite Pemantuan Pelaksanaan Otonomi Daerah (KPPOD). Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kualitas kelembagaan yang baik pada tingkat daerah erat kaitannya dengan tingkat inovasi yang lebih tinggi dan perusahaan-perusahaan yang mengalami kendala akses keuangan cenderung tidak melakukan inovasi. Faktor akses keuangan lebih menentukan bagi perkembangan inovasi perusahaan perusahaan kecil dan menengah sedangkan kualitas kelembagaan lebih menentukan bagi perusahaan besar. Dampak positif dari kelembagaan yang baik terhadap tingkat inovasi terdistribusikan secara asimetris dan faktor kelembagaan yang baik lebih berdampak positif terhadap perusahaan yang tidak mengalami kendala keuangan.Kata kunci: Akses Keuangan; Inovasi Perusahaan; Faktor Penentu Inovasi; Kesenjangan Inovasi; KelembagaanJEL classifications: O38; O53; G38
The main aim of this thesis is to investigate the role of social and trade policies as determinants of migration. The thesis has four core independent chapters that aim to address five major ...challenges in migration and development research: the effect of non-migration policies, the interplay and dichotomy of internal and international migration, the challenge in conducting impact evaluation of policies on migration, the bridging of structure and agency in migration research, and the way to approach explanatory complexity in migration determinants research. The contribution of this thesis falls mainly in explaining the determinants of South-North and internal migration. On social policy, this thesis finds overwhelming evidence on the robust role of welfare services and programs in origin countries through risk-diversification and relative-redistribution channels. I propose a term called reverse magnet hypothesis and provide the identification strategy to test its robustness. One finding is that the scope and type of welfare programs influence migration decision through the behavioural influence it provides through the relaxation of financial constraints. On trade policy, this thesis finds no migration theory can individually explain global migration. Instead, I find evidence of multiple pathways and combination of different migration theories that serve as causal conditions for total migration and high-skilled migration. This thesis finds that capital linkages play a focal role in migration. It also finds a counterfactual evidence of migration hump, which indicates that the relationships between capital, trade, and migration flows are indeed dynamic. This thesis shows that methodological and theoretical pluralism enrich explanations on migration determinants. Also, the role of origin country determinants should no longer be neglected nor underutilised in migration determinants literature.
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