The simultaneous presence of different N‐forms in the rhizosphere leads to beneficial effects on nitrogen (N) nutrition in plants. Although widely used as fertilizers, the occurrence of cross ...connection between urea and ammonium nutrition has been scarcely studied in plants. Maize fed with a mixture of urea and ammonium displayed a better N‐uptake efficiency than ammonium‐ or urea‐fed plants (Buoso et al., Plant Physiol Biochem, 2021a; 162: 613–623). Through multiomic approaches, we provide the molecular characterization of maize response to urea and ammonium nutrition. Several transporters and enzymes involved in N‐nutrition were upregulated by all three N‐treatments (urea, ammonium, or urea and ammonium). Already after 1 day of treatment, the availability of different N‐forms induced specific transcriptomic and metabolomic responses. The combination of urea and ammonium induced a prompt assimilation of N, characterized by high levels of some amino acids in shoots. Moreover, ZmAMT1.1a, ZmGLN1;2, ZmGLN1;5, ZmGOT1, and ZmGOT3, as well transcripts involved in glycolysis‐TCA cycle were induced in roots by urea and ammonium mixture. Depending on N‐form, even changes in the composition of phytohormones were observed in maize. This study paves the way to formulate guidelines for the optimization of N fertilization to improve N‐use efficiency in maize and therefore limit N‐losses in the environment.
Abstract Background Doravirine is the latest NNRTI to be approved for the treatment of HIV-1 and has a different resistance profile from first-generation NNRTIs. Our aim was to investigate the ...virological efficacy of antiretroviral treatment including doravirine in people living with HIV-1 (PLWHIV), the factors associated with virological failure (VF) and those associated with the emergence of reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations in the case of VF. Methods A retrospective national survey of PLWHIV who were either naive or experienced on antiretroviral treatment including doravirine was conducted. VF was defined as two consecutive plasma viral loads (VLs) of ≥50 copies/mL or one VL of ≥200 copies/mL. Genotypic resistance tests were interpreted using the Stanford (v9.4.1) and ANRS (v33) algorithms. Results Of the 589 PLWHIV treated with a doravirine-containing regimen, 8.5% were naive and 91.5% had prior antiretroviral experience; 56.9% were infected with HIV-1 B subtype. Overall, 88.3% and 85.1% of participants were virologically controlled at Month (M)3 and M6 of doravirine treatment, respectively. In multivariable analysis, CRF02_AG subtype, higher zenith plasma HIV-1 RNA VL, doravirine initiation in the context of failure and baseline V179D mutation presence were associated with VF. Among 88 PLWHIV who experienced virological failure at M6, 15.9% had a median of 2 (IQR 1–3) HIV RT mutations. In multivariable analysis, the only factor associated with the occurrence of mutations was a genotypic sensitivity score that was not fully sensitive. Conclusions This study is one of the largest to characterize the virological efficacy of doravirine-containing regimens in clinical practice and to identify factors associated with VF or emergence of resistance mutations that should be considered in clinical management.
Despite the high prevalence of sensory processing difficulties in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), little research has focused on the sex differences in sensory processing. Furthermore, ...there is a lack of knowledge on the female‐specific symptoms of ASD, contributing to later referral, diagnosis and intervention. In this study, we examined the sex differences in sensory processing symptoms in large cohorts of ASD children (N = 168; 26 females, 142 males) and typically developing (TD) children (N = 439; 209 females, 230 males). For this, we translated the sensory processing measure (SPM) and SPM – Preschool (SPM‐P) Home Forms to French. The SPM/SPM‐P are parent/caregiver questionnaires that assess typical behavioral responses to sensory stimuli. Overall, our results showed that the magnitude of the differences in sensory processing between males and females is larger in ASD children relative to TD children, with females showing more severe symptoms in Hearing, as well as Balance and Motion subscales. Additionally, linear discriminant analysis showed that the SPM/SPM‐P are good at discriminating TD children from ASD, children with higher accuracy rates for females than for males. These findings are discussed in light of the heterogeneity of sensory processing difficulties present in ASD. Overall, our results suggest that there seem to be female‐specific profiles in sensory processing difficulties in ASD. Implications of findings concerning sex differences in sensory processing and their potential for improving identification and diagnosis of ASD females are discussed.
Lay Summary
The present study examined sex differences in behavioral responses to sensory stimuli in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and typically developing (TD) children. While there is a small trend for TD males to show more sensory processing atypicalities, female ASD children show significantly more atypical responses compared to their male counterparts. This has important implications for characterizing female autism profiles, and ultimately improving the chance for earlier detection, diagnosis and treatment.
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