► Storage stability of sage- and thyme-extract-modified rapeseed oil was investigated. ► Oxidation, physicochemical, tribological, and corrosion properties were monitored. ► Sage and thyme extracts ...improve the oxidation and storage stability of rapeseed oil. ► Investigated extracts improve the durability of environmentally friendly lubricants.
Environmentally friendly lubricants are desirable in many applications in which water or soil pollution is expected. The use of natural additives can enhance the renewability of environmentally friendly lubricants and makes them more attractive for users. The main purpose of this study was to investigate sage and thyme extracts as natural antioxidants in rapeseed oil. Their efficiency was investigated under accelerated oxidation and storage conditions and was estimated according to induction period, peroxide and acid number variation, kinematic viscosity and viscosity index changes, and tribological and corrosion properties. The observed results show that sage and thyme extracts have good oxidation stabilisation properties; therefore, the modification of rapeseed oil with these extracts can improve the oxidation stability of rapeseed oil both in storage and in use.
This report includes an assessment of comparative studies of the cold flow properties of fuel mixtures containing mineral diesel fuel (D), rapeseed oil methyl (RME) or butyl (RBE) esters and butanol ...(B). The dependence of CP and CFPP on the mixture composition was presented in phase equilibrium diagrams. These experiments established that mixtures in which RME is replaced with RBE have better cold flow properties. Mixtures of any composition meet the requirements for diesel fuel used in the summer period. The concentration of rapeseed oil butyl esters in fuel used in the transitional period may be up to 78%, while for blends containing rapeseed oil methyl esters, the rapeseed oil methyl ester content may only be up to 45%. In the Arctic zone, it is possible to use fuel blends containing up to 10–14% rapeseed methyl esters and up to 18% rapeseed butyl esters.
Ionic liquid–based lubricants exhibit a great potential to reduce friction and wear observed on metal surfaces. Their advantages in tribology were confirmed by many researchers. In this study, three ...protic ionic liquids (PILs) were synthesised: tert-oclylamine oleate, diethanolamine oleate, and dodecylamine oleate. Their physical and tribological properties were investigated. These synthesised PILs were used as neat lubricants in steel–steel sliding contact under a reciprocating motion. The coefficients of friction of the synthesised PILs are extremely low. The predicted mechanism to reduce friction is via an adsorption layer. The wear reduction ability was found to be dependent on cation structures. The observed results were compared with the phosphonium ionic liquid, synthetic bases oil, and fully formulated engine oil.
•Three protic ionic liquids were synthesised from different amines and oleic acid.•Synthesised protic ionic liquids possess an extremely low coefficient of friction.•Long or branched chain cation ionic liquids possess high wear reduction ability.•Synthesised ionic liquids are superior than engine oil and phosphonium ionic liquid.
•Possibilities to use algae oil methyl esters as fuel were examined.•Characteristics of algae oil methyl esters are presented.•Algae and rapeseed oil methyl esters were used for engine tests.•Engine ...and environmental characteristics of engine are presented.
This report includes assessments of comparative studies on the physical, chemical, and motor properties of diesel fuels containing 30% (vol.) algae oil methyl esters (AME).
The properties of this biofuel were compared with the properties of fossil diesel fuel and those of diesel fuel mixtures containing 30% conventional diesel fuel – standardized rapeseed oil methyl esters (RME).
Motor studies were performed on a VALMET 320 DMG diesel generator onboard a ship while using fuel blends consisting of 30% AME (B30AME) or RME (B30RME) and 70% fossil diesel fuel. The B30AME’s environmental and energy indicators were compared with indicators related to the B30RME and fossil diesel fuel (D). The experiments allowed the researchers to establish that the quality of the algae oil methyl esters and their mixing with the fossil diesel fuel complied with standard requirements. After measuring the emission of hazardous components, it was found that the main improvement to environmental indicators was related to a 10–75% reduction in the smokiness of the exhaust gas and a 5–25% reduction of hydrocarbons (HC) emissions compared to those of D. The smokiness of the exhaust gas when the engine was running at capacities close to the maximum was approximately 10% lower for B30RME compared to B30AME.
The aim of studies was to investigate the process of enzymatic interesterification of rapeseed oil with methyl formate and to determine the influence of three independent variables on the product ...yield. After evaluating the effectiveness of three enzymatic preparations, the industrial preparation Lipozyme TL IM was selected for the research. Using the surface response methodology, a model describing the dependence of the yield of rapeseed methyl esters on the molar ratio of methyl formate to oil, the amount of catalyst and the duration of the process was created. The following conditions were determined in which the highest yield of rapeseed oil methyl esters was obtained: molar ratio of methyl formate to oil 40:1, process duration 60 h and 14.57% of catalyst Lipozyme TL IM from the amount of oil. Under these conditions, an 81.79% yield of rapeseed oil methyl esters was obtained. Comparative studies of the physical and chemical properties of the product obtained during the interesterification process were performed and their compliance with the requirements of conventional biodiesel standard EN 14214 was evaluated.
Dolomite as a heterogeneous catalyst can be used in biodiesel synthesis. Process material costs can be reduced by regenerating and reusing the catalyst. Two methods of regeneration of dolomite were ...studied: (1) washing for 30 min with methanol, filtration, and washing for 30 min with hexane and (2) calcination at high temperature. Catalytic efficiency and catalyst changes after 1–6 cycles were evaluated. X-ray, FTIR, and SEM studies were performed. Calcination has been found to be a more effective method of catalyst regeneration than washing with solvents. The catalytic effectiveness of dolomite only slightly decreased over six application cycles. The results of the instrumental analysis showed that the structure and composition of the dolomite do not change during calcination after three cycles, while obvious changes in the structure of dolomite during catalyst washing were observed.
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of new types of cheaper raw materials for biodiesel production. There are many prospects for microalgae, which do not compete for land with ...conventional biodiesel raw materials, are characterized by rapid reproduction and high biomass accumulation, and under certain conditions, some are able to accumulate a large amount of oil. A number of studies have been conducted on the extraction of oil from microalgae cells and transesterification with various acyl receptors. This paper provides an overview of the results of research on microalgal biomass preparation and oil extraction. Indicators of the quality of the oil are presented and its suitability for biodiesel synthesis is analyzed. The homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts used for oil transesterification are described and the optimal conditions of the process when using various alcohols as acyl receptors are presented. Much attention is paid to the parameters affecting the transesterification efficiency and biodiesel yield. The physical and chemical, and operational and environmental properties of biodiesel obtained from algae oil are analyzed. The evaluation of the economic efficiency of biodiesel synthesis is also presented.
In this experimental study, biodiesel was synthesized from the salmon oil using the Lipozyme
RM IM (Bagsværd, Denmark) as a biocatalyst. Isoamyl alcohol was used as an acyl acceptor in the ...transesterification process. The aim of this study is to select the best process conditions, aiming to obtain the highest transesterification degree that meets the requirements of the EN 14214 standard. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for statistical analysis and optimization of process parameters. A four-factor experimental design was modelled by central compositional design (CCD) to investigate the effects of biocatalyst concentration, isoamyl alcohol-to-oil molar ratio, temperature, and duration on transesterification degree. It was determined that the optimal parameters for biodiesel synthesis were the following: an enzyme concentration of 11% (wt. of oil mass); a process temperature of 45 °C; a process duration of 4 h; and an alcohol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1. The transesterification degree of biodiesel reached 87.23%. The stepwise addition of isoamyl alcohol during the transesterification process further increased the degree of transesterification to 96.5%.
In the conventional synthesis of biodiesel, not only fatty acid esters (biodiesel) are formed, but also the by-product is the glycerol phase, which amounts to about 10 wt.%. Recently, the studies on ...the interesterification of oil using carboxylate esters have been launched. In this case, no glycerol is formed, and esters of glycerol and short-chain organic acids soluble in biodiesel are produced. The biodiesel yield is increased, and the biodiesel production process is more economically viable. The process of interesterification with methyl formate yields a mixture of biodiesel and triformylglycerol, which is not inferior in quality to biodiesel, but also has better low-temperature properties. The paper analyzes the application of chemical and enzymatic catalysis methods for the interesterification of triglycerides with methyl formate. The influence of catalyst amount, reagent molar ratio, temperature, and process time on the product yield is presented. The quality indicators of the obtained fuel and their compliance with the requirements of the biodiesel fuel standard are discussed.
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