Students are more motivated and have better college experiences with instructors who express that ability can grow and improve (a growth mindset), compared with instructors who express that ability ...is fixed and unchangeable (a fixed mindset). Students also have better experiences with warm and friendly instructors, compared to cold and unfriendly instructors. Instructor mindset beliefs (i.e., what information instructors express to students about the nature of ability) and instructor demeanor (i.e., how that information is expressed) have been confounded in previous research. Although these two factors are conceptually distinct, there is often an overlap between them, such that it is unclear if students are responding to an instructor's apparent mindset beliefs, or the warm demeanor with which the instructor conveys those beliefs. In this study, we manipulated instructor mindset and demeanor using a fully-crossed 2 (Warm vs. Cold) × 2 (Growth vs. Fixed) Design. We found that while students respond best to a combination of a warm demeanor and a growth mindset, a growth mindset is always preferable to a fixed mindset, for warm instructors and cold instructors alike. This means that the positive effects of an instructors' growth mindset are not entirely driven by being warm and friendly, as some may have assumed, given how confounded these constructs are in the field. Instead, the growth mindset message had a persistent positive effect on students, even when the delivery was cold.
The demands on optical components to tolerate high radiation dose and manipulate hard x-ray beams that can fit the experiment requirements, are constantly increasing due to the advancements in the ...available x-ray sources. Here we have successfully fabricated the transmission type gratings using diamond, with structure sizes ranging from few tens of nanometres up to micrometres, and aspect ratio of up to 20. The efficiencies of the gratings were measured over a wide range of photon energies and their radiation tolerance was confirmed using the most intense x-ray source in the world. The fidelity of these grating structures was confirmed by the quality of the measured experimental results.
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•Transmission type diffraction gratings were fabricated from diamond crystal for high energy x-ray experiments.•High aspect ratio, nm and μm size diamond structures were achieved using e-beam and reactive ion etcher.•Structure qualities were confirmed by various experimental measurements using intense, hard x-rays.
The objectives of this study were: to evaluate the use of dry distillery grain soluble extract - DDGse to produce yeast biomass and to obtain cell wall (CW), to use the CW as an aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) ...adsorbent, to study the variation in the composition and thickness of the CW under the influence of DDGse to evaluate their implication on the adsorption process using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR). The production of biomass and CW were variable. The CW thickness values showed that S. boulardii strain grown in yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD) or DDGse medium, with no significant differences observed. The thickness of the CW for S. cerevisiae (RC012 and VM014) were increased when the cells were grown in DDGse medium, the thickness was almost double compared to the values obtained in YPD medium. The spectra IR of each CW in the two culture media shown regions corresponding to polysaccharides, proteins and lipids. Cells grown in DDGse medium adsorbed more AFB1 than those grown in YPD. The CW adsorbed more AFB1 than the same amount of whole cell. Future studies should be done to determine the type of carbohydrates and the relationship between chitin - beta glucans responsible for mycotoxin adsorption.
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•The present work has combined the use of an agroindustrial residue as DDGs as a carbon source to increase the thickness of the cell wall responsible for the adsorption of mycotoxins.•The use of DDGse was efficient and could replace synthetic media for the production of biomass and cell wall.•The cell wall thickness values showed that S. boulardii strain grown in yeast extract peptone dextrose or DDGse, with no significant differences observed.•The thickness of the cell walls for S. cerevisiae strains were increased almost double when the cells were grown in DDGse.•Cells grown in DDGse adsorbed more AFB1 than those grown in YPD. The cell wall adsorbed more AFB1 than the same amount of whole cell.
The evolution of bismuth crystal structure upon excitation of its A
phonon has been intensely studied with short pulse optical lasers. Here we present the first-time observation of a hard x-ray ...induced ultrafast phase transition in a bismuth single crystal at high intensities (~10
W/cm
). The lattice evolution was followed using a recently demonstrated x-ray single-shot probing setup. The time evolution of the (111) Bragg peak intensity showed strong dependence on the excitation fluence. After exposure to a sufficiently intense x-ray pulse, the peak intensity dropped to zero within 300 fs, i.e. faster than one oscillation period of the A
mode at room temperature. Our analysis indicates a nonthermal origin of a lattice disordering process, and excludes interpretations based on electron-ion equilibration process, or on thermodynamic heating process leading to plasma formation.
Laser-produced proton beams have been used to achieve ultrafast volumetric heating of carbon samples at solid density. The isochoric melting of carbon was probed by a scattering of x rays from a ...secondary laser-produced plasma. From the scattering signal, we have deduced the fraction of the material that was melted by the inhomogeneous heating. The results are compared to different theoretical approaches for the equation of state which suggests modifications from standard models.
SwissFEL requires the monitoring of the photon spectral distribution at a repetition rate of 100 Hz for machine optimization and experiment online diagnostics. The Photon Single Shot Spectrometer has ...been designed for the photon energy range of 4 keV to 12 keV provided by the Aramis beamline. It is capable of measuring the spectrum in a non-destructive manner, with an energy resolution of ΔE/E=(2–5)×10−5 over a bandwidth of 0.5% on a shot-to-shot basis. This article gives a detailed description about the technical challenges, structures, and considerations when building such a device, and to further enhance the performance of the spectrometer.
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