The interaction between promethazine hydrochloride (PMH) drug and sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDS) have been carried out conductometrically at various temperatures and concentration to examine the ...monomeric as well as micellar phases of aqueous solutions of mixed systems in absence and attendance of urea (NH2CONH2). PMH is belonged to the group of drugs called phenothiazines and is employed to care for allergy symptoms. Urea increases the cmc value because of enhancement in the surface charge of the micelles/mixed micelles. Relevant parameters were evaluated using the various theoretical models for binary mixed systems. The values of micellar mole fraction (X1m) and the ideal micellar mole fraction (X1id) were found to higher than the corresponding mole fraction (α1) of surfactant. The micellar interaction parameters (β), were determined from the critical micelle concentration (cmc) values using the approach of Rubingh's regular solution theory. Clint's model was also used to explain the nonideal behavior of the systems. In presence of urea the interaction between the studied components decreases. The evaluated excess free energy (ΔGexRub) explains the more stability of mixed micelles in comparison to micelles of the pure component; the stability decreases in attendance of urea. Also, activity coefficients (f1 and f2) are always less than unity suggesting non-ideality in the mixed solution. The ΔG0m for all studied systems were found out to be negative i.e., micellization processes are energetically favourable.
•Micellization behavior of PMH-NaDS mixed systems has been evaluated.•Increase in α1 value of surfactant, the value of X1m and X1id regularly increases.•Urea decreases the negative value of β between the components.•In attendance of urea the ∆G0m values are found to be less negative.•ΔHm0 value for PMH is found to be negative at lower temperature while positive at higher temperature.
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are ...molecules produced by microorganisms and insects in the event of infection, microbial priming, and insect predation. These molecules are then recognized by receptor molecules on or within the plant, which activates the defense signaling pathways, resulting in plant's ability to overcome pathogenic invasion, induce systemic resistance, and protect against insect predation and damage. These small molecular motifs are conserved in all organisms. Fungi, bacteria, and insects have their own specific molecular patterns that induce defenses in plants. Most of the molecular patterns are either present as part of the pathogen's structure or exudates (in bacteria and fungi), or insect saliva and honeydew. Since biotic stresses such as pathogens and insects can impair crop yield and production, understanding the interaction between these organisms and the host via the elicitor-receptor interaction is essential to equip us with the knowledge necessary to design durable resistance in plants. In addition, it is also important to look into the role played by beneficial microbes and synthetic elicitors in activating plants' defense and protection against disease and predation. This review addresses receptors, elicitors, and the receptor-elicitor interactions where these components in fungi, bacteria, and insects will be elaborated, giving special emphasis to the molecules, responses, and mechanisms at play, variations between organisms where applicable, and applications and prospects.
Herein, the interaction among the antidepressant drug amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMT) and a green gemini surfactant, ethane-1, 2-diyl bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-tetradecylammoniumacetoxy) dichloride ...(14-E2-14), via numerous techniques such as tensiometry, fluorimetry, FT-IR and UV-visible spectroscopy in three different media (aqueous 0.050 mol·kg-1 NaCl, 0.50 and 1.0 mol·kg-1 urea) were investigated. AMT is used to treat mental illness or mood problems, such as depression. The aggregation of biologically active ingredients can enhance the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. A significant interaction between AMT and 14-E2-14 was detected by tensiometric study as the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of AMT+14-E2-14 is reduced upon an increase of mole fraction (α1) of 14-E2-14. The decrease in cmc indicates the nonideality of studied mixtures of different compositions. Although, employed drug AMT is freely soluble in the aqueous and non-aqueous system but is not hydrophobic enough to act as its carrier. Instead, gemini surfactant formed spherical micelles in an aqueous system and their high solubilization capability, as well as their relatively lower cmc value, makes them highly stable in vivo. The cmc values of AMT+14-E-14 mixtures in all cases were further decreased and increased in NaCl and urea solutions respectively as compared with the aqueous system. Numerous micellar, interfacial, and thermodynamic parameters have been measured by applying various theoretical models. The obtained changes in the physicochemical assets of AMT upon adding of 14-E2-14 are likely to enhance the industrial and pharmaceutical applications of gemini surfactants. The negative interaction parameters (βm and βσ), indicate synergistic attraction is occurring in the mixed systems. The aggregation number (Nagg), Stern-Volmer constant (Ksv), etc. are attained through the fluorescence method, also supporting the attractive interaction behavior of AMT+14-E2-14 mixtures in all solvents. The Nagg was found to increase in the salt solution and decrease in the urea system compared with the aqueous solution. FT-IR and UV-visible analysis also depict the interaction between the constituent alike tensiometry and fluorimetry methods. The results suggested that gemini surfactants may serve as a capable drug delivery agent for antidepressants, improving their bioavailability.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The perinatal period is often characterized by specific fear, worry, and anxiety concerning the pregnancy and its outcomes, referred to as pregnancy-related anxiety. Pregnancy-related anxiety is ...uniquely associated with negative maternal and child health outcomes during pregnancy, at birth, and early childhood; as such, it is increasingly studied. We examined how pregnancy-related anxiety is measured, where measures were developed and validated, and where pregnancy-related anxiety has been assessed. We will use these factors to identify potential issues in measurement of pregnancy-related anxiety and the geographic gaps in this area of research.
We searched the Africa-Wide, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO; PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, SciELO Citation Index, and ERIC databases for studies published at any point up to 01 August 2020 that assessed pregnancy-related anxiety. Search terms included pregnancy-related anxiety, pregnancy-related worry, prenatal anxiety, anxiety during pregnancy, and pregnancy-specific anxiety, among others. Inclusion criteria included: empirical research, published in English, and the inclusion of any assessment of pregnancy-related anxiety in a sample of pregnant women. This review is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020189938).
The search identified 2904 records; after screening, we retained 352 full-text articles for consideration, ultimately including 269 studies in the review based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In total, 39 measures of pregnancy-related anxiety were used in these 269 papers, with 18 used in two or more studies. Less than 20% of the included studies (n = 44) reported research conducted in low- and middle-income country contexts. With one exception, all measures of pregnancy-related anxiety used in more than one study were developed in high-income country contexts. Only 13.8% validated the measures for use with a low- or middle-income country population.
Together, these results suggest that pregnancy-related anxiety is being assessed frequently among pregnant people and in many countries, but often using tools that were developed in a context dissimilar to the participants' context and which have not been validated for the target population. Culturally relevant measures of pregnancy-related anxiety which are developed and validated in low-income countries are urgently needed.
In the current study, we have examined the interaction amongst an antidepressant drug amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMH) and ethane-1, 2-diyl bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-cetylammoniumacetoxy) dichloride ...(16-E2-16, a green gemini surfactant) through tensiometric and fluorimetric techniques in aqueous/electrolyte/urea solutions. Significant variations are observed in the various evaluated parameters in the present study. Gemini 16-E2-16 has outstanding surface properties along with a much lower cmc value, demonstrating very little toxicity as well as considerable antimicrobial activity. The cmc values of mixtures decrease through increase in mole fraction (α1) of 16-E2-16, which specifies the nonideality of the solution mixtures, along with demonstrating the occurrence of mixed micellization too. Negative βRub values signify on the whole attractive force of interaction between constituents of mixed micelles. Owing to the incidence of electrolyte NaCl (50 mmol.kg-1), lowering of the micelles' surface charge happens, resulting in aggregation taking place at lower concentration while the presence of urea (NH2CONH2) halts micellization taking place, which means the cmc value increases in the attendance of urea. The Formula: see text values for all systems were negative along with the presence of electrolyte/urea. The excess free energy (Gex) of studied mixed systems was also estimated and found to be negative for all the systems. Using the fluorescence quenching method, the micelle aggregation number (Nagg) was evaluated and it was found that the contribution of gemini surfactant was always more than that of the AMH and their value enhances in the existence of electrolyte while decreasing in the attendance of NH2CONH2 in the system. In addition, other fluorescence parameters such as micropolarity (I1/I3), dielectric constant (Dexp) as well as Stern-Volmer binding constants (Ksv) of mixed systems were evaluated and the results showed the synergistic performance of the AMH + 16-E2-16 mixtures. Along with tensiometric and fluorimetric techniques, FT-IR spectroscopy was also engaged to reveal the interaction among constituents.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Herein, we have checked the interaction between the imipramine hydrochloride (IMH, an antidepressant drug) and anionic surfactant dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) mixed system through a ...conductometric method in aqueous medium along with electrolyte solutions at different temperatures (288.15 to 303.15 K). Considerable changes were obtained in the different physicochemical parameters estimated in the current system. The AOT has an exceptional surface activity together with a very low critical micelle concentration (cmc) value as compared with other anionic surfactants, therefore, having much less toxicity. The deviations between observed cmc and ideal critical micelle concentration (cmcid) values point to an interaction between IMH and AOT. The value of cmc of the mixed system reduces through the increase of the mole fraction of AOT. With a rise in the temperature, the cmc value of pure IMH along with IMH–AOT mixtures increases first and then decreases with a further rise in the temperature. In the presence of 50 mmol·kg−1 NaCl, the observed cmc of the individual constituents along with IMH–AOT mixtures was clearly lower than that in an aqueous system. The micellar mole fraction values according to different proposed models X1Rub (Rubingh), X1Mot (Motomura), X1Rd (Rodenas) and X1ideal (ideal mole fraction) were estimated and the results obtained reveal the high contribution of AOT in the mixed micellization and the values increase through the rise in the mole fraction of AOT. At all studied temperatures the magnitudes of free energy of micellization (∆Gm0), interaction parameter (β) along with excess free energy (∆Gex) evaluated for the current studied system were obtained to be negative. The value of the activity coefficients (f1 and f2) were also computed by employing the method specified in the literatures. The negative values of enthalpy (ΔHm0) of the systems at lower temperature indicate the micellization is exothermic while at higher temperature negative values of ΔHm0 becomes positive, which means the micellization process becomes endothermic. The values of entropy (ΔSm0) were found to be positive in all cases. All of the estimated results imply a strong interaction among the studied constituents.
•Association behavior of IMH-AOT mixtures has been evaluated.•Different theoretical models were employed to know environment of interaction.•In the presence of NaCl aggregation occurs at lower concentration.•Gibbs free energy (∆G0m) valued for all studied systems were obtained to be negative.•The ∆H0m, ∆S0m and ΔGex values were also evaluated and discussed.
With the intention to explore bile salts applications as drug delivery vehicles, the mixed interfacial as well as micellar behavior of the sodium salt of ibuprofen (NaIbuF) and bile salts mixtures in ...aqueous/electrolyte solutions has been evaluated by tensiometric method at 298.15 K. Bile salts (sodium cholate (NaC) and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC)) used in the present study are anionic in nature and form small micelles. Various theoretical models such as Clint, Rubingh, and Rosen were utilized to acquire information concerning the nature of interaction among the components in the solution as well as at the interface. Because of the presence of inorganic salt (100 mmol·kg–1 NaCl) a decrease in the surface charge of the micelles takes place and ensuing micellization occurs at poorer concentration. The value of the micellar mole fraction (X 1 m) is found to be greater for NaIbuF + NaDC mixtures in comparison to NaIbuF + NaC mixtures, signifying that participation of NaDC is greater in mixed micelles as compared to NaC. An attractive interaction was obtained in the micelle and at the interface, because it is obvious from interaction parameters (βm, βσ). The values of ΔG 0 m for all systems was negative in the absence as well as in the occurrence of salt. Micelle aggregation number (N agg), estimated by means of steady-state fluorescence quenching studies, suggests that the contribution of bile salts was always greater than that of the NaIbuF. The micropolarity (I 1/I 3), Stern–Volmer binding constants (K sv), and dielectric constant (D exp) of mixtures also supported the synergistic behavior of the drug–bile salts mixed systems.
This paper is devoted to investigate the implications of Einstein-Aether and modified Hořava–Lifshitz theories of gravity to the formation of light elements in the early universe named as big bang ...nucleosynthesis. We choose different models from these theories for a detailed investigation of big bang nucleosynthesis epoch and compare it with the observational bounds. That is, we compare the deviation of freeze-out temperature
T
f
with the
Λ
CDM paradigm and use observational bounds on
Δ
T
f
T
f
to inspect constraints on the involved free parameters of these models. We apply Chi-square test on the Hubble parameter
H
in each model to analyze the compatibility of model parameters with the observations and find consistent results. We find that chosen models of Einstein-Aether gravity and modified Hořava–Lifshitz gravity can satisfy big bang nucleosynthesis constraints and thus constitute a viable cosmology since they can be source for dark energy sector and late-time accelerated expansion.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The main objective of this study was to develop and validate the Awareness and Knowledge of Diabetes Distress (AKODD) questionnaire, so that it can be used to assess the knowledge attitude and ...practice of doctors who treat patients with diabetes distress. This validation study was conducted at the University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from June to July 2019. Doctors from the Departments of Primary Care Medicine, Medicine, Psychological Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Staff Health Unit, who could understand English were recruited, as they treat patients with diabetes or diabetes distress. The AKODD was developed based on literature review. Next, an expert panel met to review findings from literature and to develop the items for AKODD. The AKODD has 3 sections: socio-demographic information, awareness and knowledge. It was then piloted among 7 doctors from the Departments of Primary Care Medicine, Medicine, Psychological Medicine and Emergency Medicine. No problems were encountered. Hence, no changes were made, and the AKODD was administered twice: at 0 and 2 weeks as part of the validation process. Discriminative validity was assessed by comparing scores of doctors who had/had not attended a diabetes course before. A total of 103/119 doctors agreed to participate (response rate = 86.6%). Flesch Reading Ease was 51.1. Thirty-three doctors (32.0%) have heard of diabetes distress before. Doctors had a good level of knowledge regarding diabetes distress with a median score of 77.8% (IQR:66.7–88.9). The AKODD had adequate discriminative validity between participants who had (83.3%)/had not attended a diabetes course before (72.2%; p<0.049). The AKODD had good internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson = 0.931) and adequate reliability as 9/18 items were not statistically significant at test-retest. The AKODD was found to be a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess the awareness and knowledge of diabetes distress among doctors in Malaysia as it had adequate psychometric properties.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objectives
Using the ‘Four Delay’ framework, our study aimed to identify and explore barriers to accessing quality injury care from the injured patients’, caregivers’ and community leaders’ ...perspectives.
Design
A qualitative study assessing barriers to trauma care comprising 20 in-depth semistructured interviews and 4 focus group discussions was conducted. The data were analysed thematically.
Setting
This qualitative study was conducted in Rwanda’s rural Burera District, located in the Northern Province, and in Kigali City, the country’s urban capital, to capture both the rural and urban population’s experiences of being injured.
Participants
Purposively selected participants were individuals from urban and rural communities who had accessed injury care in the previous 6 months or cared for the injured people, and community leaders. Fifty-one participants, 13 females and 38 males ranging from 21 to 68 years of age participated in interviews and focus group discussions. Thirty-six (71%) were former trauma patients with a wide range of injuries including fractured long bones (9, 45%), other fractures, head injury, polytrauma (3, 15% each), abdominal trauma (1, 5%), and lacerations (1, 5%), while the rest were caregivers and community leaders.
Results
Multiple barriers were identified cutting across all levels of the ‘Four Delays’ framework, including barriers to seeking, reaching, receiving and remaining in care. Key barriers mentioned by participants in both interviews and focus group discussions were: lack of community health insurance, limited access to ambulances, insufficient number of trauma care specialists and a high volume of trauma patients. The rigid referral process and lack of decentralised rehabilitation services were also identified as significant barriers to accessing quality care for injured patients.
Conclusions
Future interventions to improve access to injury care in Rwanda must be informed by the identified barriers along the spectrum of care, from the point of injury to receipt of care and rehabilitation.
PDF
