Four members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family, TNF-α,
LT-α, LT-β, and LIGHT, interact with four receptors of the TNF/nerve
growth factor family, the p55 TNF receptor (CD120a), the p75 ...TNF receptor
(CD120b), the lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTβR), and herpes virus entry
mediator (HVEM) to control a wide range of innate and adaptive immune response
functions. Of these, the most thoroughly studied are cell death induction and
regulation of the inflammatory process. Fas/Apo1 (CD95), a receptor of the TNF
receptor family activated by a distinct ligand, induces death in cells through
mechanisms shared with CD120a. The last four years have seen a proliferation in
knowledge of the proteins participating in the signaling by the TNF system and
CD95. The downstream signaling molecules identified so far-caspases,
phospholipases, the three known mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase
pathways, and the NF-κB activation cascade-mediate the effects of
other inducers as well. However, the molecules that initiate these signaling
events, including the death domain- and TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF)
domain-containing adapter proteins and the signaling enzymes associated with
them, are largely unique to the TNF/nerve growth factor receptor family.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Special features of structural and phase transformations during the formation of bainitic steel structure were studied. The possibilities of identifying plate (PM) and lath (LM) martensite after ...quenching, and of tempered martensite (TM) along with upper (UB) and lower (LB) bainite after tempering of quenched steel are described. The morphology and specifics of the formation of UB, LB, and TM in the steel structure were studied. The x-ray phase analysis method was used to show the possibility of identifying phases (PM, LM, residual austenite (
A
res
), TM, UP and LB) and calculating their mass fractions in steel by decomposing the reflections into components. Quenching at 950°C was shown to produce PM and LM in steel with different morphologies and dislocation densities, contents of twins and carbon concentrations in the matrix. Tempering of the quenched steel at 500°C was shown to cause the following phase transition: PM + LM +
A
res
→ UB + LB + TM + PM+ LM+ cementite. The resistance of bainitic steel to sulfide corrosion cracking underloading and to hydrogen embrittlement was assessed.
Introduction.
The changes that have occurred in recent years in Russian society have had a negative impact on the formation of spiritual and moral orientations and values of young students, and in ...general on the development of the personality of a modern growing person. Increasingly, the idols of young people are bloggers who demonstrate and popularize deviant behavior, lack of spirituality, immorality, lack of citizenship. The development of media education, information, spiritual, linguistic security, according to the authors, contribute to civic maturation and the formation of young students in a new, rather aggressive, cultural and information space, which today is becoming one of the most important means of managing the spiritual and moral basis of human life.
Materials and Methods.
Theoretical methods: comparative analysis of philosophical, psychological, pedagogical, methodological literature; method of scientific synthesis of factual materials. The methodological basis consists of systemic, personal-activity and cultural approaches.
Results.
The scientific research reveals the goals and functions of the Center for Spiritual and Moral Education and Civic Education and the Information Center.
Discussion and Conclusions.
The organization of work on the formation of students' spiritual and moral qualities of personality should be carried out in the context of spiritual, media security, psychological, linguistic security.
Several members of the tumour-necrosis/nerve-growth factor (TNF/NGF) receptor family activate the transcription factor NF- Kappa B through a common adaptor protein, Traf2, whereas the interleukin 1 ...type-I receptor activates NF- Kappa B independently of Traf2. We have now cloned a new protein kinase, NIK, which binds to Traf2 and stimulates NF- Kappa B activity. This kinase shares sequence similarity with several MAPKK kinases. Expression in cells of kinase-deficient NIK mutants fails to stimulate NF- Kappa B and blocks its induction by TNF, by either of the two TNF receptors or by the receptor CD95 (Fas/Apo-1), and by TRADD, RIP and MORT1/FADD, which are adaptor proteins that bind to these receptors. It also blocked NF- Kappa B induction by interleukin-1. Our findings indicate that NIK participates in an NF- Kappa B-inducing signalling cascade common to receptors of the TNF/NGF family and to the interleukin-1 type-I receptor.
Aim. An analysis of coronavirus infection in Russia and evaluation of different AVT regimens effectiveness.
Materials and methods. The study involved a retrospective analysis of 1082 patient records ...with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in 17 regions of Russia. The number of men and women was equal, mean age 48.718.1 (median 50). Patients with moderate COVID-19 (85%) versus mild COVID-19 (15%) were characterized by higher age (median 54 vs 21 years; p0.001), higher body mass index (27.8 vs 23.4; p0.001), prevalence of chronic diseases (75.3% vs 8.5%; p0.001), including circulatory system diseases (37.8%). Moderate COVID-19 characterized higher intoxication (10.86.1 vs 4.22.7 days; p0.001) and catarrhal symptoms duration (10.25.4 vs 6.14.1 days; p0.001).
Results. During hospitalization 92% of the patients received AVT, 77% antibiotics, and 16% corticosteroids. Umifenovir therapy resulted in a significant reduction of intoxication (8.75.5 vs 11.75.5 days; p0.001) and catarrhal symptoms duration (8.85.1 vs 12.04.9 days; p0.001) compared to the group without AVT. The usage of INF reduced intoxication symptoms compared with the group without AVT (8.97.5 vs 11.75.5; p0.05). Therapy with hydroxychloroquine, imidazolylethanamide pentandioic acid, and lopinavir + ritonavir combination did not affect the course of COVID-19. Most of adverse reactions were related to antibiotics.
Conclusion. Umifenovir therapy and inclusion of interferon in AVT regimens was associated improvement in the clinical manifestation of the disease among patients.
The future space-based GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope will operate onboard the Russian astrophysical observatory in a highly elliptic orbit during 7 years to observe Galactic plane, Galactic Center, ...Fermi Bubbles, Crab, Vela, Cygnus X, Geminga, Sun, and other regions and measure gamma- and cosmic-ray fluxes. Observations will be performed in the point-source mode continuously for a long time (∼100 days). GAMMA-400 will measure gamma rays in the energy range from ∼ 20 MeV to several TeV and cosmic-ray electrons + positrons up to several tens TeV. GAMMA-400 instrument will have very good angle and energy resolutions, high separation efficiency of gamma rays from cosmic-ray background, as well as electrons + positrons from protons. The main feature of GAMMA-400 is the unprecedented angular resolution for energies > 30 GeV better than the space-based and ground-based gamma-ray telescopes by a factor of 5–10. GAMMA-400 observations will permit to resolve gamma rays from annihilation or decay of dark matter particles, identify many discrete sources, clarify the structure of extended sources, specify the data on cosmic-ray electron + positron spectra.
The structure and texture of the fatigue fracture of a tubing sub made of a ferritic–pearlitic steel are studied. The microstructure is found to be characterized by a small grain size, a high ...edge-dislocation density, and a developed crystallographic rolling texture with a tension texture superposed on it. The growth of grains with the {112}〈111〉 and {114}〈221〉 orientations and the suppression of the {001}〈110〉, {112}〈110〉, and {110}〈001〉 texture components are shown to accelerate fatigue fracture.
The space observatory GAMMA-400 is processed currently in accordance with the Federal Space Program of the Russian Federation for 2016–2025. The observatory includes a gamma-ray telescope for ...experimental studies of gamma rays in the energy range from ~20 MeV to ~1 TeV with high angular and energy resolution, as well as for research of electrons + positrons at energies above 100 GeV in both the main (top-down), and lateral apertures. At present time, there are experimental indications concerning the possibility of existing of spectrum break in electrons + positrons intensities about TeV energies. This point stimulates several speculations to explain such phenomena. In this paper we examined capabilities of GAMMA-400 telescope to explore this problem. The methods for electron detection in the energy range from 100 GeV up to 10 TeV from the lateral aperture of a gamma-ray telescope are presented. Also, the results of calculation for proton rejection factor and for electron acceptance are revealed.
•The GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope performance for lateral aperture.•Detection of GRB from the lateral aperture in the energy range from ∼ 10 to ∼ 100 MeV.•The problem of connection between high- and ...low-energy gamma-ray emissions of GRBs.
The currently developing space-based gamma-ray telescope GAMMA-400 will measure the gamma-ray and electron + positron fluxes using the main top-down aperture in the energy range from ∼ 20 MeV to several TeV in a highly elliptic orbit (without shading the telescope by the Earth and outside the radiation belts) continuously for a long time. The instrument will provide fundamentally new data on discrete gamma-ray sources, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), sources and propagation of Galactic cosmic rays and signatures of dark matter due to its unique angular and energy resolutions in the wide energy range. The gamma-ray telescope consists of the anticoincidence system (AC), the converter-tracker (C), the time-of-flight system (S1 and S2), the position-sensitive and electromagnetic calorimeters (CC1 and CC2), scintillation detectors (S3 and S4) located above and behind the CC2 calorimeter and lateral detectors (LD) located around the CC2 calorimeter.
In this paper, the capabilities of the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope to measure fluxes of GRBs from lateral directions of CC2 are analyzed using Monte-Carlo simulations. The analysis is based on off-line second-level trigger construction using signals from S3, CC2, S4 and LD detectors. For checking the numerical algorithm the data from space-based GBM and LAT instruments of the Fermi experiment are used, namely, three long bursts: GRB 080916C, GRB 090902B, GRB 090926A and one short burst GRB 090510A. The obtained results allow us to conclude that from lateral directions the GAMMA-400 space-based gamma-ray telescope will reliably measure the spectra of bright GRBs in the energy range from ∼ 10 to ∼ 100 MeV with the on-axis effective area of about 0.13 m2 for each of the four sides of CC2 and total field of view of about 6 sr.
Cosmophysical Research with GAMMA-400 Topchiev, N. P.; Galper, A. M.; Arkhangelskaja, I. V. ...
Physics of atomic nuclei,
08/2023, Letnik:
86, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope is the successor of Soviet and Russian gamma-ray telescopes. GAMMA-400 is being developed for cosmophysical research in accordance with the Russian Federal Space ...Program 2016–2025. The GAMMA-400 experiment will be implemented aboard the Russian astrophysical space observatory in a highly elliptic orbit during 7 years to provide new data on gamma-ray emission mainly from the Galactic plane, Galactic Center, the Sun and cosmic-ray electron
positron fluxes. The main mode of observations will be the continuous point-source mode with the duration of up to
100 days. The GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope will study high-energy gamma-ray emission up to several TeV and cosmic-ray electrons
positrons up to 20 TeV. GAMMA-400 will have the never-achieved angular resolution, the high-energy and time resolutions, as well as very good separation efficiency of gamma rays from cosmic-ray background and of electrons
positrons from protons. The distinctive features of GAMMA-400 are the excellent angular resolution of
at
GeV that exceeds resolutions of the space-based and ground-based gamma-ray telescopes by a factor of 5–10, as well as high-energy resolution of
at
GeV. GAMMA-400 studies can discover gamma-ray emission from annihilation or decay of dark matter particles, identify many unassociated discrete sources, explore the structure of extended sources, search for gamma-ray bursts and solar gamma-ray flares, improve the data on cosmic-ray electron
positron spectra for energies of >50 GeV.
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