Inner-shell ionization of an isolated atom typically leads to Auger decay. In an environment, for example, a liquid or a van der Waals bonded system, this process will be modified, and becomes part ...of a complex cascade of relaxation steps. Understanding these steps is important, as they determine the production of slow electrons and singly charged radicals, the most abundant products in radiation chemistry. In this communication, we present experimental evidence for a so-far unobserved, but potentially very important step in such relaxation cascades: Multiply charged ionic states after Auger decay may partially be neutralized by electron transfer, simultaneously evoking the creation of a low-energy free electron (electron transfer-mediated decay). This process is effective even after Auger decay into the dicationic ground state. In our experiment, we observe the decay of Ne
produced after Ne 1s photoionization in Ne-Kr mixed clusters.
Background
Biologic drugs have the potential to halt the progression of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) by decreasing concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, a ...cytokine implicated in epithelial cell death. The objective of this systematic review is to investigate the efficacy and safety of biologic monotherapy and combination therapy for SJS/TEN.
Methods
MEDLINE and EMBASE in OVID were searched on October 28, 2020. Inclusion criteria were original studies containing human participants diagnosed with SJS/TEN and treated with biologics. Studies were excluded if they were literature reviews, systematic reviews, letters to the editor, or conference abstracts.
Results
The 38 articles reviewed included 27 (71.1%) case reports, 6 (15.8%) case series, 3 (7.9%) retrospective reviews, and 2 (5.3%) RCTs. The age range of the included studies was 2 to 85 years, the mean age was 46.4 years. The mean body surface (BSA) across the 38 included articles was 31.0%. The average actual mortality reported within the 38 included articles was 9.2%. Both biologic monotherapy and combination therapy were associated with improved outcomes in SJS/TEN. Furthermore, anti TNF-alpha therapy, specifically etanercept, showed improved outcomes as monotherapy.
Conclusions
Overall, reviewed studies presented a strong case for biologic treatment, both monotherapy and combination use, in SJS/TEN treatment. Based on the number of fatal adverse events observed, biologic monotherapy may be safer compared to combination therapy. Further research with a larger sample size and a randomized control trial design is required.
GENERAL PURPOSETo provide information on a 60-second General Foot Screen to assist in the prevention and/or identification and management of common foot problems.
TARGET AUDIENCEThis continuing ...education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMESAfter participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to:1. Use the 60-second General Foot Screen to assist healthcare professionals in the recognition of common foot problems.2. Identify risk factors, causes, and treatment of selected foot problems.
ABSTRACTFoot health is important to overall patient health. Early diagnosis and treatment of diabetes, neuropathy, fungal foot infections, foot deformity, and vascular disease/lower leg edema can improve patient quality of life. One way to achieve this is effective screening. To this end, researchers piloted a validated 10-item screening tool to assess foot health on 120 patients; 74.17% had at least one positive abnormality, demonstrating the critical importance of these early findings. Only 25.83% of individuals had completely low-risk feet. This easy-to-use tool can assist healthcare professionals in the recognition and treatment of common foot problems. The article also outlines the early signs of disease by screening item and provides a guide to treatment to enable effective prevention and quality care.
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