In the present work, for the first time, the possibility of formation of CrAl2O4 was shown from the equimolar mixture of co-precipitated Al2O3 and Cr2O3 oxides under a reductive environment. The ...crystallographic properties of the formed compound were calculated using the DICVOL procedure. It was determined that it has a cubic crystal structure with space group Fd-3m and a unit cell parameter equal to 8.22(3) Å. The formed CrAl2O4 is not stable under ambient conditions and easily undergoes oxidation to α-Al2O3 and α-Cr2O3. The overall sequence of the phase transformations of co-precipitated oxides leading to the formation of spinel structure is proposed.
The hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 is exclusively expressed in the monocytic lineage and preferentially in tissue resident macrophages of the M2 phenotype and in macrophages in sites of ...inflammation and tumor growth. In the present study we have designed liposomes specifically targeting CD163 by hydrophobic linkage of CD163-binding monoclonal antibodies to polyethylene glycol-coated liposomes (‘stealth liposomes’). Targeting to the endocytic CD163 protein greatly increased the uptake of liposomes in CD163 transfected cells and macrophages as visualized by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry of cells exposed to CD163 targeting liposomes loaded with calcein. Strong cytotoxic effects were seen in CD163-expressing human monocytes by using the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin as cargo of the liposomes.
In conclusion, the use of stealth liposomes modified to recognize CD163 is a potential way to target drugs to macrophages that support inflammatory and malignant processes.
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The investigation of the course of the Boudouard reaction and methane cracking was performed over nickel catalysts based on oxides of calcium, aluminum, and magnesium. The catalytic samples were ...synthesized by the impregnation method. The physicochemical characteristics of the catalysts were determined using atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method analysis (BET), temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia and carbon dioxide (NH3- and CO2-TPD), and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). Qualitative and quantitative identification of formed carbon deposits after the processes were carried out using total organic carbon analysis (TOC), temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The selected temperatures for the Boudouard reaction and methane cracking (450 and 700 °C, respectively) were found to be optimal for the successful formation of graphite-like carbon species over these catalysts. It was revealed that the activity of catalytic systems during each reaction is directly related to the number of weakly interacted nickel particles with catalyst support. Results of the given research provide insight into the mechanism of carbon deposit formation and the role of the catalyst support in this process, as well as the mechanism of the Boudouard reaction.
The monometallic copper catalysts were synthesized by impregnation of fibreglass material covered by TiO
2
using magnetron sputtering method at a low temperature plasma technique in vacuum camera. ...Their physicochemical properties were extensively studied by BET, TPR-H
2
and XRD techniques. The photocatalytic properties in degradation of an azo dye were controlled by determination of chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and using UV–VIS technique. Fibreglass covered with TiO
2
and copper oxides has shown remarkable photocatalytic properties in degradation of Reactive Violet 2 dye. Its stability was increased by its preliminary treatment in HCl. The optimal content of Cu appeared to be 5% in the oxide layer of the catalyst digested in HCl. Kinetic constants determined for the process of the dye photodegradation over Cu
2
O (5%)/TiO
2
/fibreglass catalyst were one order higher than for TiO
2
/fibreglass.
Graphical Abstract
In this paper, we are reporting on the fabrication of a porous silicon/Au and silicon filament/Au using the two-step Au-assisted chemical etching of p-type Si with a specific resistivity of 0.01, 1, ...and 12 Ω·cm when varying the Au deposition times. The structure analysis results show that with an increasing Au deposition time of up to 7 min, the thickness of the porous Si layer increases for the same etching duration (60 min), and the morphology of the layer changes from porous to filamentary. This paper shows that the uniform macro-porous layers with a thickness of 125.5-171.2
m and a specific surface area of the mesopore sidewalls of 142.5-182 m
·g
are formed on the Si with a specific resistivity of 0.01 Ω·cm. The gradient macro-porous layers with a thickness of 220-260
m and 210-290
m, the specific surface area of the mesopore sidewalls of 3.7-21.7 m
·g
and 17-29 m
·g
are formed on the silicon with a specific resistivity of 1 and 12 Ω·cm, respectively. The por-Si/Au has excellent low-temperature electro oxidation performance with ethanol, the activity of ethanol oxidation is mainly due to the synergistic effect of the Au nanoparticles and porous Si. The formation mechanism of the uniform and gradient macro-porous layers and ethanol electro-oxidation on the porous/filament silicon, decorated with Au nanoparticles, was established. The por-Si/Au structures with perpendicularly oriented pores, a high por-Si layer thickness, and a low mono-Si layer thickness (with a specific resistivity of 1 Ω·cm) are optimal for an effective ethanol electro-oxidation, which has been confirmed with chronoamperometry measurements.
Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) represent a distinct malignancy‐promoting phenotype suggested to play a key role in tumor formation and metastasis. We aimed to investigate the expression of the ...monocyte/macrophage‐restricted receptor CD163 in bladder tumor biopsies and assess the potential mechanism inducing the CD163 expression in tumor cells. A high CD163 mRNA expression (n = 87) was significantly associated with a poor 13‐year overall survival (log‐rank test, χ2 = 8.931; p = 0.0028). Moreover, CD163 mRNA expression was significantly increased in muscle invasive (T2–T4), p = 0.017, and aggressive (grade III/IV) cancers (p = 0.015). The expression strongly correlated with local expression of IL‐6 (r = 0.72; p <0.0001) and IL‐10 (r = 0.75; p <0.0001), mediators known to induce CD163 expression in vitro. CD163 immunostaining (n = 46) confirmed the association between dense TAM infiltration and histologically advanced disease. In 39% of the biopsies, CD163 immunoreactivity was also observed in tumor cells, and CD163‐expressing metastatic cells were identified in lymph node biopsies (n = 8). Bladder cancer cell lines did not express CD163; however, when cocultured with macrophages the bladder cancer cell expression of CD163 was significantly induced in an IL‐6/IL‐10 independent manner. In conclusion, we show a strong association between CD163 mRNA expression in bladder cancer biopsies and poor patient outcome. CD163 expression was not confined to the infiltrating TAMs, but was also expressed by a significant portion of the malignant cells in both tumors and lymph nodes. CD163 expressing tumor cells may constitute a subpopulation of tumor cells with a phenotypic shift associated with epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increased metastatic activity induced by TAMs.
Direct hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol is an interesting method to recycle CO2 emitted e.g., during combustion of fossil fuels. However, it is a challenging process because both the selectivity to ...methanol and its production are low. The metal-organic frameworks are relatively new class of materials with a potential to be used as catalysts or catalysts supports, also in the reaction of MeOH production. Among many interesting structures, the UiO-66 draws significant attention owing to its chemical and thermal stability, developed surface area, and the possibility of tuning its properties e.g., by exchanging the zirconium in the nodes to other metal cations. In this work we discuss—for the first time—the performance of Cu supported on UiO-66(Ce/Zr) in CO2 hydrogenation to MeOH. We show the impact of the composition of UiO-66-based catalysts, and the character of Cu-Zr and Cu-Ce interactions on MeOH production and MeOH selectivity during test carried out for 25 h at T = 200 °C and p = 1.8 MPa. Significant increase of selectivity to MeOH was noticed after exchanging half of Zr4+ cations with Ce4+; however, no change in MeOH production occurred. It was found that the Cu-Ce coexistence in the UiO-66-based catalytic system reduced the selectivity to MeOH when compared to Cu/UiO-66(Zr), which was ascribed to lower concentration of Cu0 active sites in Cu/UiO-66(Ce/Zr), and this was caused by oxygen spill-over between Cu0 and Ce4+, and thus, the oxidation of the former. The impact of reaction conditions on the structure stability of tested catalyst was also determined.
The aim of this work was to determine the catalytic properties of metal (Ni, Cu, Pt) supported catalysts in C1 reactions. Catalytic activity of Cr
x
Al
y
O
z
binary oxides alone and Me/Cr
x
Al
y
O
z
...samples were determined in: CO oxidation (by water vapor or oxygen), methanol synthesis (MS) reaction as well as partial oxidation of methane (POM) to synthesis gas.
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