Healthy human gut phageome Manrique, Pilar; Bolduc, Benjamin; Walk, Seth T. ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
09/2016, Letnik:
113, Številka:
37
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The role of bacteriophages in influencing the structure and function of the healthy human gut microbiome is unknown. With few exceptions, previous studies have found a high level of heterogeneity in ...bacteriophages from healthy individuals. To better estimate and identify the shared phageome of humans, we analyzed a deep DNA sequence dataset of active bacteriophages and available metagenomic datasets of the gut bacteriophage community from healthy individuals. We found 23 shared bacteriophages in more than one-half of 64 healthy individuals from around the world. These shared bacteriophages were found in a significantly smaller percentage of individuals with gastrointestinal/irritable bowel disease. A network analysis identified 44 bacteriophage groups of which 9 (20%) were shared in more than one-half of all 64 individuals. These results provide strong evidence of a healthy gut phageome (HGP) in humans. The bacteriophage community in the human gut is a mixture of three classes: a set of core bacteriophages shared among more than one-half of all people, a common set of bacteriophages found in 20–50% of individuals, and a set of bacteriophages that are either rarely shared or unique to a person. We propose that the core and common bacteriophage communities are globally distributed and comprise the HGP, which plays an important role in maintaining gut microbiome structure/function and thereby contributes significantly to human health.
In this review, we assess our current understanding of the role of bacteriophages infecting the human gut bacterial community in health and disease. In general, bacteriophages contribute to the ...structure of their microbial communities by driving host and viral diversification, bacterial evolution, and by expanding the functional diversity of ecosystems. Gut bacteriophages are an ensemble of unique and shared phages in individuals, which encompass temperate phages found predominately as prophage in gut bacteria (prophage reservoir) and lytic phages. In healthy individuals, only a small fraction of the prophage reservoir is activated and found as extracellular phages. Phage community dysbiosis is characterized by a shift in the activated prophage community or an increase of lytic phages, and has been correlated with disease, suggesting that a proper balance between lysis and lysogeny is needed to maintain health. Consequently, the concept of microbial dysbiosis might be extended to the phage component of the microbiome as well. Understanding the dynamics and mechanisms to restore balance after dysbiosis is an active area of research. The use of phage transplants to re-establish health suggests that phages can be used as disease treatment. Such advances represent milestones in our understanding of gut phages in human health and should fuel research on their role in health and disease.
Type 2 Diabetes Screening Test by Means of a Pulse Oximeter Moreno, Enrique Monte; Lujan, Maria Jose Anyo; Rusinol, Montse Torrres ...
IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering,
02/2017, Letnik:
64, Številka:
2
Journal Article, Publication
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In this paper, we propose a method for screening for the presence of type 2 diabetes by means of the signal obtained from a pulse oximeter. The screening system consists of two parts: the first ...analyzes the signal obtained from the pulse oximeter, and the second consists of a machine-learning module. The system consists of a front end that extracts a set of features form the pulse oximeter signal. These features are based on physiological considerations. The set of features were the input of a machine-learning algorithm that determined the class of the input sample, i.e., whether the subject had diabetes or not. The machine-learning algorithms were random forests, gradient boosting, and linear discriminant analysis as benchmark. The system was tested on a database of 1157 subjects (two samples per subject) collected from five community health centers. The mean receiver operating characteristic area found was 69.4% (median value 71.9% and range 75.4-61.1%), with a specificity = 64% for a threshold that gave a sensitivity = 65%. We present a screening method for detecting diabetes that has a performance comparable to the glycated haemoglobin (haemoglobin A1c HbA1c) test, does not require blood extraction, and yields results in less than 5 min.
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a growing public health concern worldwide. Individuals with MetS have an increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) disease and type 2 diabetes (T2D). These diseases - in ...part preventable with the treatment of MetS - increase the chances of premature death and pose a great economic burden to health systems. A healthy gut microbiota is associated with a reduction in MetS, T2D, and CV disease. Treatment of MetS with fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can be effective, however, its success rate is intermediate and difficult to predict. Because bacteriophages significantly affect the microbiota membership and function, the aim of this pilot study was to explore the dynamics of the gut bacteriophage community after FMT in MetS subjects. We performed a longitudinal study of stool bacteriophages from healthy donors and MetS subjects before and after FMT treatment. Subjects were assigned to either a control group (self-stool transplant, n = 3) or a treatment group (healthy-donor-stool transplant; n-recipients = 6, n-donors = 5). Stool samples were collected over an 18-week period and bacteriophage-like particles were purified and sequenced. We found that FMT from healthy donors significantly alters the gut bacteriophage community. Subjects with better clinical outcome clustered closer to the heathy donor group, suggesting that throughout the treatment, their bacteriophage community was more similar to healthy donors. Finally, we identified bacteriophage groups that could explain these differences and we examined their prevalence in individuals from a larger cohort of MetS FMT trial.
Trial information-
http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=2705
; NTR 2705
Our understanding of archaeal virus diversity and structure is just beginning to emerge. Here we describe a new archaeal virus, tentatively named Metallosphaera turreted icosahedral virus (MTIV), ...that was isolated from an acidic hot spring in Yellowstone National Park, USA. Two strains of the virus were identified and were found to replicate in an archaeal host species closely related to
Each strain encodes a 9.8- to 9.9-kb linear double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome with large inverted terminal repeats. Each genome encodes 21 open reading frames (ORFs). The ORFs display high homology between the strains, but they are quite distinct from other known viral genes. The 70-nm-diameter virion is built on a T=28 icosahedral lattice. Both single particle cryo-electron microscopy and cryotomography reconstructions reveal an unusual structure that has 42 turret-like projections: 12 pentameric turrets positioned on the icosahedral 5-fold axes and 30 turrets with apparent hexameric symmetry positioned on the icosahedral 2-fold axes. Both the virion structural properties and the genome content support MTIV as the founding member of a new family of archaeal viruses.
Many archaeal viruses are quite different from viruses infecting bacteria and eukaryotes. Initial characterization of MTIV reveals a virus distinct from other known bacterial, eukaryotic, and archaeal viruses; this finding suggests that viruses infecting
are still an understudied group. As the first known virus infecting a
sp., MTIV provides a new system for exploring archaeal virology by examining host-virus interactions and the unique features of MTIV structure-function relationships. These studies will likely expand our understanding of virus ecology and evolution.
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infections affect many Arabidopsis developmental traits. This paper analyzes, at different levels, the development-related differential alterations induced by different ...strains of TuMV, represented by isolates UK 1 and JPN 1. The genomic sequence of JPN 1 TuMV isolate revealed highest divergence in the P1 and P3 viral cistrons, upon comparison with the UK 1 sequence. Infectious viral chimeras covering the whole viral genome uncovered the P3 cistron as a major viral determinant of development alterations, excluding the involvement of the PIPO open reading frame. However, constitutive transgenic expression of P3 in Arabidopsis did not induce developmental alterations nor modulate the strong effects induced by the transgenic RNA silencing suppressor HC-Pro from either strain. This highlights the importance of studying viral determinants within the context of actual viral infections. Transcriptomic and interactomic analyses at different stages of plant development revealed large differences in the number of genes affected by the different infections at medium infection times but no significant differences at very early times. Biological functions affected by UK 1 (the most severe strain) included mainly stress response and transport. Most cellular components affected cell-wall transport or metabolism. Hubs in the interactome were affected upon infection.
To determine the attitudes, knowledge, and self-care practices in patients with heart failure (HF) in Primary Care, as well as to identify factors associated with better self-care.
Cross-sectional ...and multicentre study.
Primary Care.
Subjects over 18 years old with HF diagnosis, attended in 10 Primary Health Care Centres in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona.
Self-care was measured using the European Heart Failure Self-Care Behaviour Scale. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, tests on attitudes (Self-efficacy Managing Chronic Disease Scale), knowledge (Patient Knowledge Questionnaire), level of autonomy (Barthel), and anxiety and depression screening (Goldberg Test), were also gathered in an interview. A multivariate mixed model stratified by centre was used to analyse the adjusted association of covariates with self-care.
A total of 295 subjects (77.6%) agreed to participate, with a mean age of 75.6 years (SD: 11), 56.6% women, and 62% with no primary education. The mean self-care score was 28.65 (SD: 8.22), with 25% of patients scoring lower than 21 points. In the final stratified multivariate model (n=282; R
conditional=0.3382), better self-care was associated with higher knowledge (coefficient, 95% confidence interval: -1.37; -1.85 to -0.90), and coronary heart disease diagnosis (-2.41; -4.36: -0.46).
Self-care was moderate. The correlation of better self-care with higher knowledge highlights the opportunity to implement strategies to improve self-care, which should consider the characteristics of heart failure patients attended in Primary Care.
La Constitución Política de 1991 contiene dentro de su espíritu la descentralización del Estado, al empoderar los territorios y determinar que son los responsables de ordenar y regular su uso desde ...lo productivo, social y ambiental; en el año 1997 se expide la Ley 388 que reglamenta todos los aspectos relacionadoscon el ordenamiento territorial.
El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la gestión ambiental dentro del ordenamiento territorial para la conservación de los servicios ecosistémicos en el municipio de Rioblanco (Tolima). Para ello, se analizaron instrumentos de planificación del territorio, se entrevistaron actores sociales, institucionales y comunitarios y por último se realizó un análisis de los factores que afectan la conservación de los servicios ecosistémicos. Como resultado, se observa desarticulación entre los instrumentos de planificación, lo cual genera un desarrollo que no responde a las necesidades reales del territorio. Rioblanco cuenta con tres (3) áreas protegidas reconocidas por el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (sinap), complejos de páramos y ecosistemas con alta importancia ambiental y baja representatividad en el sinap, pero que no se ven reflejados en los instrumentos de ordenación y planificación; también se logró identificar que las comunidades y autoridades ambientales no se sienten partícipes en la formulación de estos instrumentos, distanciándolos en la contribución al desarrollo de la región; por último, se logró determinar que el Municipio es un territorio que se destaca en lo sectorial, especialmente en la minería, lo cual puede afectar su estructura ecológica, sumado a que carece de escenarios para la protección del territorio.
•The production of the first recombinant Turnip mosaic virus VLPs is reported.•VLPs display a foreign peptide derived from the human thrombin receptor (TR).•VLPs enhance peptide biological function ...(e.g. log-increasing antibody-sensing).•These VLPs maintain assembly and integrity at 4, 15 and 28°C.•These plant-made VLPs can be exploited for many nanobiotechnological applications like antibody sensing, imaging, immunization or drug delivery, among others.
Deployment of the elongated flexuous virions of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), a potyvirus, for peptide display on their external surface has been previously reported by us. Nonetheless, both in TuMV and other potyviruses some peptides hinder the ability of the virus to infect host plants. We found that a peptide derived from the human thrombin receptor (TR) inhibited TuMV infectivity. In an effort to get around this problem, TuMV virus-like particles (VLPs) were produced in plants by transient high-level expression of wild-type or recombinant coat protein (CP). Significant production of both recombinant and non-recombinant CP proteins was obtained from plant leaves. Assembled particles of each of these two proteins into VLPs were observed under the electron microscope. The capacity of TR-CP VLPs to log-increase the ability of TR antibody-sensing was confirmed. These results confirm that the use of VLPs is an effective way to overcome the problem of displaying infectivity-interfering peptides. This is yet another way of exploiting the use of plant-made flexuous elongated VLPs for nanobiotechnological purposes.
El presente artículo pretende analizar desde una perspectiva de género, la participación de la mujer en los Programas de Desarrollo con Enfoque Territorial (PDET) gestados en el Decreto 893 de 2017 y ...derivados del punto uno del Acuerdo final para la terminación del conflicto y la construcción de una paz estable y duradera, el cual contiene los lineamientos de la Reforma Rural Integral. Se analizan las estrategias de implementación del mencionado decreto para determinar si se garantiza y permite a las mujeres participar activamente y de forma diferenciada, en la transformación del territorio rural durante el posacuerdo, y si dicha participación constituye una acción afirmativa eficaz en la búsqueda por la equidad de género y la reivindicación histórica de los derechos de las mujeres. Se adopta como guía la metodología para el análisis de género en el fenómeno legal propuesto por Alda Facio, para determinar la presencia material del enfoque de equidad de género para las mujeres. En este análisis se abordan conceptos básicos sobre género y acciones afirmativas y su presencia en el Decreto 893 de 2017 para contextualizar así la actual situación de inequidad que viven las mujeres rurales en Colombia y el papel que se les asigna en la Reforma Rural Integral.
PDF
