Therapeutic products are now being developed that target particular molecular lesions found in various types of cancers. The ability to correctly identify patients whose cancers have targetable ...lesions generally depends on a well-validated diagnostic test. Development and use of diagnostic tests together with therapies in clinical trials yields the information necessary to make a regulatory determination that both products are safe and effective, likely have clinical utility when used together, and reach the market for patient benefit. This model, called co-development, has been developed relatively recently, and is being put to use in numerous cancer therapeutic development programs. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has articulated a policy that requires the coapproval of a diagnostic with a therapeutic product when the diagnostic is essential to the safe and effective use of the therapeutic product. At the same time, FDA has implemented a number of processes to manage the model without slowing the approval of the co-developed products. New diagnostic technologies, together with a rapid uptick in interest in targeted drugs, will challenge the still-evolving regulatory paradigm, but will likely result in some simplified approaches presenting new challenges in determining safety and effectiveness, but all with the promise of greater benefit to patients with cancer. See all articles in this CCR Focus section, "The Precision Medicine Conundrum: Approaches to Companion Diagnostic Co-development."
Abstract Recent menu labeling initiatives in North America involve posting the calorie content of standard menu items, sometimes with other nutrients of public health concern, with or without ...contextual information (such as the recommended daily caloric intake for an average adult) or interpretive information (such as traffic light symbols). It is not clear whether this is an effective method to convey nutrition information to consumers wanting to make more-informed food choices. Of particular concern are those consumers who may be limited in their food and health literacy skills to make informed food choices to meet their dietary needs or goals. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine whether the provision of menu-based nutrition information affects the selection and consumption of calories in restaurants and other foodservice establishments. A secondary objective was to determine whether the format of the nutrition information (informative vs contextual or interpretive) influences calorie selection or consumption. Several bibliographic databases were searched for experimental or quasiexperimental studies that tested the effect of providing nutrition information in a restaurant or other foodservice setting on calories selected or consumed. Studies that recruited generally healthy, noninstitutionalized adolescents or adults were included. When two or more studies reported similar outcomes and sufficient data were available, meta-analysis was performed. Menu labeling with calories alone did not have the intended effect of decreasing calories selected or consumed (–31 kcal P =0.35 and –13 kcal P =0.61, respectively). The addition of contextual or interpretive nutrition information on menus appeared to assist consumers in the selection and consumption of fewer calories (–67 kcal P =0.008 and –81 kcal P =0.007, respectively). Sex influenced the effect of menu labeling on selection and consumption of calories, with women using the information to select and consume fewer calories. The findings of this review support the inclusion of contextual or interpretive nutrition information with calories on restaurant menus to help consumers select and consume fewer calories when eating outside the home. Further exploration is needed to determine the optimal approach for providing this menu-based nutrition information, particularly for those consumers who may be limited in their food and health literacy skills.
An obituary for Dr. Arthur Walter Mansfield is presented. Mansfield joined the Falkland Islands Dependence Survey in 1950 and served for one year as a meteorological observer and forecaster at South ...Georgia. He then spent the next year and a half as base leader and biologist, doing ecological research on the seals and birds at Signy Island in the South Orkneys. After returning to the UK in 1953, he joined a summer expedition of the Wildfowl Trust to central Iceland to band Pink-footed Geese. He spent the next year at the Department of Zoology, Cambridge, and the Meteorological Office, Harrow, writing up the results of his field work. In the fall of 1954 Mansfield was awarded a Carnegie Foundation scholarship by the Arctic Institute of North America and came to Canada to study the physiology and behavioral habits of the Atlantic walrus.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Hall's landmark 1992 book, Color and Meaning: Practice and Theory in Renaissance Art, helped to invigorate the practice of Technical Art History, which brings scientific analysis to bear on the study ...of individual works of art while also attending closely to artists' techniques and workshop practices for their evidentiary value. The field has benefitted from this attention to technical and material considerations not least because it has helped advance scholarship beyond the conventional geographies of British and European artistic production; Technical Art History has also aided a much-needed recalibration of the scholarly status of painting in relation to the rest of eighteenth-century visual culture. When deployed by scholars of eighteenth-century visual culture, Technical Art History is as likely to be applied to porcelain figures, pastel drawings, lacquer cabinets, embroidered textiles, sugar sculptures, or ivory chairs as to paintings. Shifts in patronage—fueled mostly by an expanding market for art to adorn the residences of those made wealthy through global trade and commerce—undermined the protectionist hold that workshops and guilds had exercised formerly. ...Hall's description of the production of indigo dye in the Americas for use by European painters, among others, is disconcertingly nonchalant: "Cultivated in their colonies by the British, Dutch, Portuguese, French and Spanish … it became an enormously lucrative product and dominated the market for a hundred years until the invention of synthetic indico in the late nineteenth century, when the market dried up" (196).
The British landscape painter John Constable is considered foundational for the Realist movement in 19th-century European painting. Constable's painted skies, in particular, were seen as remarkably ...accurate by his contemporaries, an impression shared by many viewers today. Yet, assessing the accuracy of realist paintings like Constable's is subjective or intuitive, even for professional art historians, making it difficult to say with certainty what set Constable's skies apart from those of his contemporaries. Our goal is to contribute to a more objective understanding of Constable's realism. We propose a new machine-learning-based paradigm for studying pictorial realism in an explainable way. Our framework assesses realism by measuring the similarity between clouds painted by artists noted for their skies, like Constable, and photographs of clouds. The experimental results of cloud classification show that Constable approximates more consistently than his contemporaries the formal features of actual clouds in his paintings. The study, as a novel interdisciplinary approach that combines computer vision and machine learning, meteorology, and art history, is a springboard for broader and deeper analyses of pictorial realism.
As the impacts of climate change on human society accelerate, coastal communities are vulnerable to changing environmental conditions. The capacity of communities and households to respond to these ...changes (i.e., their adaptive capacity) will determine the impacts of climate and co-occurring stressors. To date, empirical evidence linking theoretical measures of adaptive capacity to community and household responses remains limited. Here, we conduct a global meta-analysis examining how metrics of adaptive capacity translate to human responses to change (Adapt, React, Cope response) in 22 small-scale fishing case studies from 20 countries (
n
= 191 responses). Using both thematic and qualitative comparative analysis, we evaluate how responses to climate, environmental, and social change were influenced by domains of adaptive capacity. Our findings show that adaptive responses at the community level only occurred in situations where the community had Access to Assets, in combination with other domains including Diversity and Flexibility, Learning and Knowledge, and Natural Capital. In contrast, Access to Assets was nonessential for adaptive responses at the household level. Adaptive households demonstrated Diversity and Flexibility when supported by strong Governance or Institutions and were often able to substitute Learning and Knowledge and Natural Capital with one another. Standardized metrics of adaptive capacity are essential to designing effective policies promoting resilience in natural resource-dependent communities and understanding how social and ecological aspects of communities interact to influence responses. Our framework describes how small-scale fishing communities and households respond to environmental changes and can inform policies that support vulnerable populations.
In 2018, Health Canada, the Federal department responsible for public health, put forward a regulatory proposal to introduce regulations requiring a "High in" front-of-package label (FOPL) on foods ...that exceed predetermined thresholds for sodium, sugars, or saturated fat. This study evaluated the efficacy of the proposed FOPL as a quick and easy tool for making food choices that support reduction in the intakes of these nutrients.
Consumers (
= 625) of varying health literacy levels (HL) were assigned to control (current labeling with no FOPL) or one of four FOPL designs. They completed six shopping tasks, designed to control for internal motivations. Efficacy was measured with correct product selection and response time (seconds) to make food choices using repeated measures statistical modeling, adjusting for HL, task type, and task order. Eye-tracking and structured interviews were used to gather additional insights about participants' choices.
Overall, FOPL was significantly more effective than current labeling at helping consumers of varying HL levels to identify foods high in nutrients of concern and make healthier food choices. All FOPL were equally effective.
"High in" FOPL can be effective at helping Canadians of varying HL levels make more informed food choices in relation to sugars, sodium, and saturated fat.
New Directions for Health Literacy Research Weiss, Barry D; Abrams, Mary Ann; Mansfield, Elizabeth D ...
Health literacy research and practice
7, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The Council of Europe (2023) views health literacy as an ethical concern that is linked to human rights and at a global level, the World Health Organization (2016) calls for development of health ...literacy approaches to promote health in its 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Profession n (%) Health promotion Health educators, public health professionals, therapists, social workers, community activists, and students 30 (46.2) Clinicians 15 (23.1) Physicians, nurses Administration 10 (15.4) Health system administrators, health literacy program directors, and informatics managers Health literacy researchers 6 (9.2) Communications Medical writers, marketing specialists 4 (6.1) Table 1 Professions of Attendees at the “Making Your Health Literacy Research Count” Workshop at the 2022 Health Literacy Annual Research Conferencea Below we highlight our perspectives as workshop panelists by incorporating recommendations and ideas from workshop attendees about what should be prioritized in ongoing health literacy research. Research on Health Literacy Training If health systems are to be responsive to health literacy issues, all members of the health care team need to be educated, not just about the importance of health literacy, but about how they—in whatever role they serve—can communicate more effectively with patients and their families. ...we need research on how to effectively shift some communication support tasks from physicians and nurses to other members of the health care team, like health educators, patient navigators, pharmacists, community and public health workers, and those who answer phone calls, design websites and patient portals, or create signage for hospitals and clinics. ...we need to study whether adding health literacy to all levels of education curricula could improve population health literacy over time. ...since the risk for health literacy disparities is higher among certain racial and ethnic groups, there is need for studies on how health literacy issues might vary, and need to be addressed differently, in various cultures and cultural groups to address structural inequity.
PDF
