Rheodreissena Geda et al. 2018, a recently described genus of Dreissenidae, is represented by living species that inhabit inland freshwaters of Brazil and Venezuela. The type species of Rheodreissena ...is R. hoeblichi (Schütt 1991a) described from the lower Orinoco basin, Venezuela. Three species are added in this study: R. lopesi (Alvarenga & Ricci, 1989) from the Tocantins and Xingu basins; R. cordilineata n. sp. from the Madeira, Trombetas and Xingu basins, and R. xinguana n. sp. from the Tapajós and Xingu basins. Those three species are recorded from Volta Grande, the stretch of the Xingu River impacted by the Belo Monte dam complex. All Rheodreissena typically attach in shallow clusters to clean, rocky substrates associated with rapids in the main channels of large clear water rivers. Species of Rheodreissena are distinguished by aspects of shell morphology and soft anatomy that presumably reflect adaptations to a rheophilic lifestyle. In Xingu and Tocantins populations of Rheodreissena, larval broods were observed in the ctenidial (R. lopesi and R. xinguana) and pallial cavities of females (all three species). Examples of pallial broods included a few prodissoconch-1 (D-shaped) larvae in R. xinguana n. sp., 24 larvae/juveniles representing three different stages (prodissoconch 1 and 2, dissoconch) in R. cordilineata and up to 65 larvae/juveniles representing the same three stages in R. lopesi. In R. cordilineata and R. lopesi, the prodissoconch is attached to the parental mantle via a modified velum (adhesivelum), and dissoconchs attain lengths of 800 µm and 987 µm, respectively. For larvae brooded in the pallial cavity, a biphasic growth pattern was demonstrated statistically in R. lopesi and determined by observation in R. cordilineata. Juveniles are presumably released gradually into the environment at the crawl-away dissoconch stage. Biphasic brooding (ctenidial and pallial) was previously described for the European cave-dwelling dreissenid species Congeria kusceri; differences between brooding in Congeria and Rheodreissena are noted. Various morphological and lifehistory traits of species of Rheodreissena are summarized and compared to the other living species of Dreissenidae: Mytilopsis leucophaeata, M. sallei, Dreissena polymorpha, D. rostriformis (ex. bugensis), and the three nominal species of Congeria.
Microbial pigments have many structures and functions with excellent characteristics, such as being biodegradable, non-toxic, and ecologically friendly, constituting an important source of pigments. ...Industrial production presents a bottleneck in production cost that restricts large-scale commercialization. However, microbial pigments are progressively gaining popularity because of their health advantages. The development of metabolic engineering and cost reduction of the bioprocess using industry by-products opened possibilities for cost and quality improvements in all production phases. We are thus addressing several points related to microbial pigments, including the major classes and structures found, the advantages of use, the biotechnological applications in different industrial sectors, their characteristics, and their impacts on the environment and society.
O estudo explora a economia solidária na área têxtil e de moda. O objetivo é o levantamento bibliográfico e análise de dados para compreensão de como essa economia surgiu e se desenvolveu no mundo e ...no Brasil, para o devido aprofundamento na área de confecção têxtil. O método incluiu pesquisa bibliográfica realizada por meio de consultas a catálogos de bibliotecas e portal de periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior e Sistema Integrado de Bibliotecas da Universidade de São Paulo, além da revisão sistemática de trabalhos de pós-graduação e artigos já produzidos. O levantamento dessas informações ofereceu subsídios para abordar dois exemplos de grupos econômicos solidários em moda e suas eventuais dificuldades para atuação no mercado capitalista. Foi possível detectar a importância do cooperativismo, marcante por suas experiências bem-sucedidas. Para que a absorção das pessoas que não conseguem lugar na economia capitalista ocorra, é necessário o apoio do movimento operário às cooperativas de trabalhadores. Dessa forma, torna-se necessário pensar em como as comunidades igualitárias e empreendimentos podem conviver com o modelo capitalista dominante.
Photoprotective nanoemulsions are able to attenuate skin damage from overexposure to the sun, thus avoiding the immediate effects caused by ultraviolet radiation. The global cosmetics market ...understands that there is a demand and greater acceptance by consumers for formulations containing natural products compatible with the skin. Consequently, there is an increasingly need to develop such products that are safe and effective. Furthermore, there is a growing interest in nanoemulsions (NE) in the pharmaceutical industry, due the versatility of incorporating lipophilic substances into cosmetic formulations. In the present work, oil-in-water photoprotective nanoemulsions containing microbial carotenoids, buriti oil and chemical filters were developed and characterized. The essential physical properties of the droplets, the transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), the sun protection factor (SPF) as well as the stability of the formulations were determined. In vitro phototoxicity was evaluated using Balb 3 T3 with relative cell viability estimated by Neutral Red Uptake, with the Photo Irritation Factor (PIF) and the Medium Photo Effect Factor (MPF) as the measurement parameters. Nanoemulsion 3 (NE3) showed spherical morphology with an average droplet size of 142.11 ± 0.92 nm and polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.198 ± 0.017. This nanoemulsion containing microbial carotenoids and buriti oil exhibited a SPF of 36 ± 1.5. Neutral Red Uptake revealed that the cells kept their viability even after irradiation and those nanoemulsions containing the microbial carotenoids and buriti oil were not phototoxic. The addition of microbial carotenoids and buriti oil in nanoemulsions was positive in increasing the mean SPF values compared to the control formulation.
Abstract Unionida is the most diverse clade of freshwater bivalves. Among the groups occurring in South America, one with the highest number of species is Rhipidodontini (Hyriidae, Unionida, ...Paleoheterodonta, Bivalvia). However several issues remains on taxonomy and systematic of this group, leading to problems on species identification, description, as also as a limiting factor to other type of studies (e.g., ecology, conservation,…). In this paper is presented a synthesis of available knowledge about Diplodon Spix in Wagner, 1827 and Rhipidodonta Mörch, 1853 in South America, as a first step in order to a better understating of Rhipidodontini. The evaluation of different authors exposes the little agreement between them that resulted in a sort of divergent taxonomical opinions. Some comments on ecology, conservation and habitat preferences were made. This work can also encourage future research on taxonomy, systematic, ecology and conservation of freshwater mussels in South America.
Resumo Unionida é o clado mais diverso de bivalves de água doce. Entre os grupos que ocorrem na América do Sul, um dos com maior número de espécies é Rhipidodontini (Hyriidae, Unionida, Paleoheterodonta, Bivalvia). Porém, diversas questões taxonômicas e sistemáticas ainda incidem sob este grupo, levando a problemas de identificação de espécies, descrição, entre outros, como também tem atuado como limitador de outros tipos de estudos (e.g., ecologia, conservação,..). Neste trabalho é apresentada uma revisão do conhecimento acerca dos gêneros Diplodon Spix in Wagner, 1827 e Rhipidodonta Mörch, 1853 na América do Sul como um primeiro passo para a melhor compreensão de Rhipidodontini. Avaliando-se diferentes autores, se torna claro a pouca concordância entre eles, resultando em opiniões taxonômicas divergentes. São feitos também alguns comentários sobre ecologia, conservação e preferências ambientais. Este trabalho também deve encorajar futuros trabalhos sobre a taxonomia, sistemática, ecologia e conservação de bivalves de água na América do Sul.
The phylogeny and taxonomy of freshwater mussels of the genus Castalia in South America is complicated by issues of morphological plasticity and limited molecular genetic data. We present field data ...on the distributions of the nominal Castalia ambigua and C. inflata in the upper Paraguay River basin in Brazil based on original occurrence data at 23 sample sites and on historical records. The upper basin has distinct highland and lowland regions, the latter including the Pantanal wetland, where “C. ambigua” occurs in the highlands and “C. inflata” occurs in both regions. At Baixo Stream in the highlands, we observed individuals with shell morphologies of either C. ambigua or C. inflata, and also individuals with intermediate shell morphology. DNA sequence variation in the upland Baixo Stream and two representative lowland populations were screened. Two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes were sequenced to test hypotheses regarding the number of species-level phylogenetic lineages present. Reported individual DNA sequences from Amazon-basin C. ambigua and other Castalia and outgroup species were included in the analysis as outgroups. Individuals from the Paraguay River basin exhibited 17 haplotypes at the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene and nine at mitochondrial 16S rRNA. Analysis of haplotype networks and phylogenetic trees of combined COI + 16S rRNA sequences among individuals with the respective shell morphologies supported the hypothesis that C. ambigua and C. inflata from the Paraguay River basin belong to the same species and one phylogenetic lineage. No variation was observed at the nuclear 18S rRNA internal transcribed spacer, 28S rRNA, or H3NR histone genes among individuals used in this study. Across all markers, less variation was observed among Paraguay basin populations than between Paraguay and Amazon basin populations. Our results collectively suggest that: (1) “C. ambigua”, “C. inflata”, and morphologically intermediate individuals within the upper Paraguay drainage represent one phylogenetic lineage, (2) a phylogeographic divide exists between Castalia populations occurring in the Paraguay and Amazon River basins, and (3) the evolutionary and taxonomic uncertainties that we have identified among Castalia species should be thoroughly assessed across their distribution using both morphological and molecular characters.
We report here the 3,637,012-bp draft genome sequence of
sp. strain LEMMJ01, isolated from ornithogenic soil from King George Island, Antarctica. The total number of genes presented in the draft ...genome sequence was 3,553, and the total number of coding sequences was 3,497. In addition, genes related to the production of terpene and carotenoids were revealed.
The Ilha Grande National Park, Paraná, Brazil, is located in the Upper Paraná River and has characteristics typical of a floodplains. This protected area includes lagoons connected and disconnected ...to the Paraná River, although the latter also connect during periods of high water level, thus composing a heterogeneous group of lacustrine environments. The enormous potential the flora and fauna diversities are still little known to the region, as can be seen through benthic invertebrates, inclunding bivalves mollusks. The granulometric composition of these floodplain lagoons was formed mainly by mud and very fine sand. Furthermore, organic matter composition was predominantly of fine particulate. The other abiotic factors differed from lagoons located within the island of the park to those located in the left margin of Paraná River. The results demonstrated the importance of abiotic factors such as the physical composition of granulometric texture, organic matter and macrophyte banks, to the establishment of bivalves in these floodplain lagoons. We recorded bivalves of Pisidium (native), Diplodon (native), and Corbicula (invasive). The highest values of Diplodon sp. density were observed at São João/C lake, for Pisidium sterkianum (Pilsbry, 1897) at São João/M lake, and to Jatobá/C lagoon with high density of invasive species Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774). This study to obtain conduct the first records of freshwater bivalves in floodplains lagoon in the Ilha Grande National Park, and provides contributions to better understanding the ecology of these mollusks. The recording of native species in the region of Upper Paraná River floodplain after a lomg period without new records, demonstrated the importance of protecting the lagoons of the Ilha Grande National Park as they can be a possible refuge to some species of native freshwater bivalves.
O Parque Nacional de Ilha Grande (Paraná, Brasil) é localizado no Alto Rio Paraná e apresenta características típicas de uma planície de inundação. Essa área de proteção ambiental inclui uma heterogeneidade de ambientes lacustres, dentre estes lagoas conectadas e não conectadas ao rio Paraná. Os enormes potenciais de diversidade tanto de flora quanto de fauna são ainda pouco conhecidos para o local, como para os invertebrados bentônicos, e dentre eles, os moluscos bivalves. A composição granulométrica das lagoas foi constituída basicamente de sedimentos mais finos, como lama e areia muito fina, e a matéria orgânica composta predominantemente por partículas finas. Também observamos diferenças espaciais nos fatores limnológicos, separando as lagoas situadas dentro da ilha do parque, das contidas na margem esquerda do rio Paraná. Esses dados demonstraram a importância dos fatores físicos como composição da textura granulométrica, matéria orgânica e bancos de macrófitas para o estabelecimento dos bivalves nesses ambientes. Registramos bivalves de Pisidium (nativa), Diplodon (nativa) e Corbicula (invasora). Os maiores valores de densidade média foram observados para Diplodon sp. na lagoa São João/C, para Pisidium sterkianum (Pilsbry, 1897) na lagoa São João/M, e para a espécie invasora Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) na lagoa Jatobá/C. Esse estudo teve como objetivo realizar o primeiro levantamento de bivalves límnicos em lagoas de inundação do Parque Nacional da Ilha Grande, além de fornecer subsídios para melhor compreensão da ecologia desses moluscos. O registro de espécies nativas, após um longo período sem ocorrência na região da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, demonstrou a importância da proteção das lagoas do Parque Nacional de Ilha Grande para a manutenção dos mesmos, podendo assim ser um possível refúgio para algumas espécies de bivalves límnicos nativos.
The glochidia of Diplodon (Diplodon) suavidicus (Lea, 1856), D. (D.) obsolescens F. Baker, 1914, Diplodon (Rhipidodonta) hylaeus (d'Orbigny, 1835), Prisodon obliquus Schumacher, 1817, Paxyodon ...syrmatophorus (Meuschen, 1781), Triplodon corrugatus (Lamarck, 1819, and Castalia ambigua Lamarck, 1819 were redescribed based on comparisons of external morphology and morphometric measurements of larval shells. The outline of the glochidial valves was classified into three types. The morphological comparison was based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Details of the shell, hooks and external sculpture allowed a redescription of the larvae, transferring D. suavidicus and D. obsolescens to the subgenus Diplodon and, within the Prisodontini, the genus Triplodon Spix, 1827 was separated from Prisodon Schumacher, 1817 and Paxyodon Schumacher, 1817. The glochidium of Prisodon obliquus is described for the first time. The larvae of the latter species and those of Paxyodon syrmatophorus present projections on the external sculpture in the form of spikes that have not yet been seen in the larvae of other South American Hyriidae. This unique ornamentation indicates closer proximity of Prisodon obliquus to Paxyodon syrmatophorus, a result also supported by multivariate analysis that allowed separation of the glochidia of the different species, using morphometric measurements such as length, height, length of the dorsal line and angle of obliquity formed between the position of the base edge in relation to the center of the dorsal line. Considering the angle of obliquity, the glochidium of Castalia Lamarck, 1819 was observed to diverge greatly in relation to those of other genera. The sampling dates of adults containing glochidia in the marsupium and an illustrated glossary are provided.
Non-native species have been introduced at escalating rates during the last decades, mainly due to the dispersion generated by the increasing trade and transport worldwide. Mollusks, the second ...largest metazoan phylum in terms of species richness, are no exception to this pattern, but, to date, a comprehensive synthesis of non-native mollusk species (NNMS) in South America was not available. For this purpose, an e-discussion group was formed with malacologists and taxonomists from South America, where we exchanged and analyzed bibliography, databases and information about NNMS, providing expert opinion to this assessment. The first list of non-native mollusk species for South America, considering terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments, includes 86 NNMS distributed in 152 ecoregions (terrestrial, freshwater and marine) of the 189 recognized for the South American continent. Information on their native region, vectors, first record for South America and distribution, are also provided. In the analysis of the distribution of the NNMS and the entry points of each species (e.g., ports, cargo and passenger airports, cities) and status of conservation of the ecoregions, four hot spots were recognized: Subtropical-Atlantic, Northern Andes, Central Andes and Southern Andes. This work, thus, sets the baseline on NNMS for South America, a key piece of information regarding the development of policies targeting the management of biological invasions and their socio-ecological impacts.
PDF
