Abstract Background Pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide; however, its diagnosis can be challenging, especially in settings where skilled clinicians or ...standard imaging are unavailable. We sought to determine the diagnostic accuracy of lung ultrasound when compared to radiographically-confirmed clinical pediatric pneumonia. Methods Between January 2012 and September 2013, we consecutively enrolled children aged 2–59 months with primary respiratory complaints at the outpatient clinics, emergency department, and inpatient wards of the Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño in Lima, Peru. All participants underwent clinical evaluation by a pediatrician and lung ultrasonography by one of three general practitioners. We also consecutively enrolled children without respiratory symptoms. Children with respiratory symptoms had a chest radiograph. We obtained ancillary laboratory testing in a subset. Results Final clinical diagnoses included 453 children with pneumonia, 133 with asthma, 103 with bronchiolitis, and 143 with upper respiratory infections. In total, CXR confirmed the diagnosis in 191 (42%) of 453 children with clinical pneumonia. A consolidation on lung ultrasound, which is our primary endpoint for pneumonia, had a sensitivity of 88.5%, specificity of 100%, and an area under-the-curve of 0.94 (95% CI 0.92–0.97) when compared to radiographically-confirmed clinical pneumonia. When any abnormality on lung ultrasound was compared to radiographically-confirmed clinical pneumonia the sensitivity increased to 92.2% and the specificity decreased to 95.2%, with an area under-the-curve of 0.94 (95% CI 0.91–0.96). Conclusions Lung ultrasound had high diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of radiographically-confirmed pneumonia. Added benefits of lung ultrasound include rapid testing and high inter-rater agreement. Lung ultrasound may serve as an alternative tool for the diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia.
Abstract This article describes an 8-month-old boy with the full clinical spectrum anti- N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor encephalitis. He was admitted to the hospital with involuntary orofacial head ...movements, behavioral changes, and fluctuation in consciousness. His examination showed tongue thrusting, decreased responsiveness, and hypotonia without fever. Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid revealed increased protein levels (62 mg/dL). The next day he developed oral dyskinesia and choreoathetosis. Video-electroencephalogram polygraphy showed coreo-dystonic movements without electrographic correlation. A putative diagnosis of autoimmune encephalopathy was made, and treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone was started, with improvement in the abnormal movements. Antibodies to the N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor were identified in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. He began receiving immunoglobulin once a month for a year. Two months after the treatment had started, the involuntary movement disappeared and his development has been normal. N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor encephalitis is a recently identified disorder. This is the youngest case reported. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important to obtain full recovery.
Summary We assessed differences in the patterns of expression of matrix metalloproteases and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases) in ductal carcinoma in situ alone and admixed ...with invasive ductal carcinomas (n = 40), as well as in pure invasive ductal carcinomas (n = 40), immunohistochemically and using tissue arrays. The invasive ductal carcinoma components showed higher expression of matrix metalloprotease–9 and –13 than did the admixed ductal carcinoma in situ, whereas stromal fibroblasts of the invasive components showed higher expression of matrix metalloprotease–2, –7, –9, –13, and –14 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease–1 and –3 than did fibroblasts around the neoplastic ducts of the admixed ductal carcinoma in situ. Expression of matrix metalloprotease–14 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease–3 was significantly higher in the mononuclear inflammatory cells of the invasive components. By contrast, matrix metalloprotease–1 expression was significantly higher in stromal cells of the ductal carcinoma in situ admixed with invasive ductal carcinoma. The pure invasive ductal carcinomas had significantly higher expression of matrix metalloprotease–1, –9, –11, and –14 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease–1 and –3 than the invasive ductal carcinomas admixed with ductal carcinoma in situ. Our findings indicate a significant association of matrix metalloprotease expression by the periductal stromal cells of the ductal carcinoma in situ component of mixed tumors and the occurrence of distant metastasis. Our data suggest that the molecular matrix metalloprotease/tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease profile can contribute to better characterization of early breast carcinomas.
Abstract Hopkins syndrome occurs after an acute asthma attack. An immune-mediated mechanism has been suggested. Immunoglobulin or methylprednisone pulse therapies comprise the most useful treatment. ...We describe a 3-year-old girl who developed severe weakness in her left arm, 7 days after an acute asthma attack. A complete blood count with autoimmune biomarkers, immunoglobulin profile, and virology study and magnetic resonance of the brain, spine, and brachial plexus produced normal results. In the cerebrospinal fluid, T lymphocytes comprised the predominant leukocyte population, and oligoclonal bands were positive. An electromyogram revealed a partial axonal lesion (normal motor nerve conduction velocity with low amplitude) of the axillary, musculocutaneus, and interosseous nerves of the left arm, with normal sensory nerve conduction and partial denervation. We began therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin for 5 consecutive days, repeated every 4 weeks for 2 months. Afterward, our patient recovered. This report contributes to understanding the role of immune-mediated mechanisms in the pathogenesis of this disease, and the importance of immunotherapy in its treatment.
Schwannomas are peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Due to their low incidence, few cases of colorectal schwannomas have been published, which increases the diagnostic challenge. The aim of this case ...report is to discuss the role of transvaginal ultrasound in different areas than the gynecological disorders, when on hands of properly trained professionals that perform systematized procedures. A 56-year-old woman consulted for postmenopausal genital bleeding. During transvaginal ultrasound, a colonic solid, hypervascularized mass of 23 × 26 mm was visualized. As a result of this incidental finding, the patient underwent a sigmoidectomy, with a final diagnosis of intestinal schwannoma. Transvaginal ultrasound is today one of the most useful and accurate diagnostic tools in the assessment of gynecological disorders. However, the proximity of other pelvic structures makes it possible to evaluate the presence of nongynecological conditions. This fact should encourage gynecologists to systematize the transvaginal ultrasound procedure.
El síndrome de QT prolongado congénito, es una entidad clínica que se caracteriza por la alteración en la repolarización miocárdica dada por una prolongación significativa del intervalo QT con riesgo ...aumentado de síncope, taquicardia ventricular polimórfica y muerte súbita. Se produce por la alteración en la función de canales iónicos responsables del potencial de acción de las células cardíacas, como consecuencia de múltiples mutaciones, de las cuales las más frecuentes se dan en los canales de sodio y potasio. La relación con el embarazo y principalmente la presencia de eventos en el posparto, está determinada por arritmias ventriculares o episodios de muerte súbita, lo cual debe llevar a una evaluación exhaustiva de QTc prolongado y sus factores desencadenantes o enfermedades concomitantes.
Se muestran los casos clínicos de dos pacientes que presentaron muerte súbita en el posparto en las cuales se diagnosticó síndrome de QT largo congénito.
Congenital long QT syndrome is a clinical entity characterized by impairment of myocardial repolarization given by significant prolongation of the corrected QT interval with an increased risk of syncope, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and sudden death. This is produced by an alteration in the function of ion channels responsible for the action potential of cardiac cells as a consequence of multiple mutations, the most common of which are in the sodium and potassium channels. The relationship with pregnancy and especially the presence of events in the postpartum period is clearly determined by the presence of ventricular arrhythmias or episodes of sudden death, that should lead to a thorough evaluation of prolonged QTc and its triggers or concomitant diseases.
We present the clinical records of two patients who had sudden death during the postpartum and were diagnosed as congenital long QT Syndrome.
La cardiopatía por falta de compactación ventricular es una entidad infrecuente, que generalmente compromete el ventrículo izquierdo ocasionando falla cardíaca, arritmias ventriculares, embolismo ...periférico y muerte súbita. Hasta el momento, se han descrito muy pocos casos de ventrículo derecho no compacto, por lo cual no hay criterios diagnósticos establecidos y se desconoce como es la evolución clínica y la respuesta al tratamiento de este grupo de pacientes. Se describe el caso de un paciente con hipertrabeculación marcada del ventrículo derecho en quien se descartó un origen estructural de la misma, haciéndose diagnóstico de ventrículo derecho no compacto.
Non compaction cardiomyopathy is a rare entity which usually involves the left ventricle causing heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias, peripheral embolism and sudden death. So far, very few cases of right ventricular non compaction have been described, for which no established diagnostic criteria exist and the clinical course as well as the response to treatment of these patients remain unknown. We describe the case of a patient with marked right ventricular hypertrabeculation in whom a structural origin of it was discarded, whereby the diagnosis of right ventricular non-compactation was made.
La elevación diafragmática es una entidad caracterizada por la alteración en la fuerza contráctil de las fibras musculares del diafragma, que conlleva prolapso de las estructuras abdominales hacia la ...cavidad torácica. En la mayoría de los casos, los síntomas se presentan por la compresión del parénquima pulmonar subyacente; la compresión de estructuras cardíacas es menos frecuente.
Se reporta el caso de una paciente que presentó signos y síntomas compatibles con falla cardíaca derecha y en quien los diferentes estudios demostraron una elevación diafragmática con colapso de la aurícula derecha como causa de su sintomatología.
Diaphragmatic elevation is a disorder characterized by impaired contractile force of the muscle fibers of the diaphragm, which results in prolapse of abdominal structures into the chest cavity. In most cases, symptoms occur by the underlying lung parenchyma compression. The compression of cardiac structures is less frequent.
We report the case of a female patient who developed signs and symptoms consistent with right heart failure and in whom several studies showed a diaphragmatic elevation with collapse of the right atrium as cause of her symptomatology.
El tratamiento del paciente que recibe terapias que afectan la hemostasia normal (anticoagulantes y/o antiagregantes plaquetarios) y que será sometido a un procedimiento quirúrgico, es uno de los ...retos que se presentan cada vez con mayor frecuencia en los servicios de cardiología. La toma de la mejor opción terapéutica en este grupo de pacientes requiere un profundo conocimiento sobre los riesgos de sangrado en caso de continuarse el tratamiento, frente a los riesgos de trombosis o embolismo en caso de suspenderlo. Por tradición, esa decisión se ha basado más en el temor al riesgo de sangrado, por lo cual en muchos casos se ha suspendido dicha terapia de manera innecesaria. En los últimos años, la aparición de la evidencia que indica que no sólo no es alto el riesgo de sangrado sino que además la continuación de estos medicamentos en muchos casos disminuye desenlaces adversos mayores, ha llevado a replantear esta conducta. En este artículo se revisará la evidencia actual existente al respecto y se suministrarán pautas que permitan la toma de una decisión adecuada.
Treatment of patients receiving therapies that affect normal hemostasis (anticoagulants and / or antiplatelet aggregators) and that will undergo surgery, is one of the challenges that arise with increasing frequency in the cardiology services. Making the best therapeutic option in these patients requires a thorough understanding of the risks of bleeding in case of continuing the treatment against the risks of thrombosis or embolism in case of stopping it. By tradition, this decision has been based more on fear to the risk of bleeding, whereby in many cases this therapy has been suspended unnecessarily. In recent years, the emergence of evidence indicates that the risk of bleeding is not high and that continuation of these drugs in many cases reduce major adverse outcomes. This has led to redefine this behavior. In this article we review the current evidence available on the subject and provide guidelines that allow making a right decision.
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