The concept of green chemistry is widely recognized in chemical laboratories. To properly measure an environmental impact of chemical processes, dedicated assessment tools are required. This paper ...summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field of development of green chemistry and green analytical chemistry metrics. The diverse methods used for evaluation of the greenness of organic synthesis, such as eco-footprint, E-Factor, EATOS, and Eco-Scale are described. Both the well-established and recently developed green analytical chemistry metrics, including NEMI labeling and analytical Eco-scale, are presented. Additionally, this paper focuses on the possibility of the use of multivariate statistics in evaluation of environmental impact of analytical procedures. All the above metrics are compared and discussed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. The current needs and future perspectives in green chemistry metrics are also discussed.
In the case of quantitative and qualitative analysis of pesticides in environmental and food samples, it is required to perform a sample pre-treatment process. It allows to minimalize the impact of ...interferences on the final results, as well as increase the recovery rate. Nowadays, apart from routinely employed sample preparation techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SPE) or solid-phase microextraction (SPME), the application of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) is gaining greater popularity. It is mainly related to their physicochemical properties, sorption capacity and selectivity, thermo-mechanical resistance, as well as a wide range of polymerization techniques allowing to obtain the desired type of sorption materials, adequate to a specific type of pesticide. This paper targets to summarize the most popular and innovative strategies since 2010, associated with the MIPs synthesis and analytical procedures for pesticides determination in environmental and food samples. Application of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) allows for visualization of the most beneficial analytical procedures in case of changing the priority of each step of analysis (MIPs synthesis, sample preparation process—pesticides extraction, chromatographic analysis) bearing in mind metrological and environmental issues.
New Polymeric Materials for Solid Phase Extraction Plotka-Wasylka, Justyna; Marc, Mariusz; Szczepanska, Natalia ...
Critical reviews in analytical chemistry,
09/2017, Letnik:
47, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Solid phase extraction (SPE) is a popular sample preparation technique, which can be applied directly in gas-solid phase and liquid-solid phase, or indirectly to solid samples by using, e.g., ...thermodesorption with subsequent chromatographic analysis. Although SPE can be described as a physical extraction process involving a liquid phase and a solid phase, the increased use of packed sorbent formats seems to have led to a bias toward packed sorbent SPE devices. Without any doubt, the heart of the SPE technique is the sorbent material as it has a direct influence on the selectivity, sorptive capacity, and the format or the configuration of the resultant SPE device. There will always be a need for new sorbent materials, and therefore, it is imperative to focus research efforts on versatile sorbent fabrication techniques that could address current and anticipated challenges. Various polymeric materials have been developed and implemented in everyday life. They are also extensively used in analytical chemistry. This review provides an updated summary of the most important features of polymeric sorptive materials used at the stage of preparing samples for analysis. The application of each new polymeric sorbent material is discussed in detail. Moreover, the comparison between these materials is done.
The main focus of this study is the emission of monoaromatic hydrocarbons because these are the preliminary factors of potential solvent and monomer residues present in single-use plastic barbecue ...and kitchen utensils comprising polystyrene, polypropylene, natural cellulose, and biodegradable polymers intended for use with hot meal or beverages. Herein, the emissions of monoaromatic hydrocarbons (styrene, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene compounds and the total volatile organic compounds (TVOC)) from nine types of disposable plastic utensils are reported. Seventy two samples of single-use plastic utensils were conditioned at 40 and 80 °C using a stationary emission microchamber system. The average TVOC released from the studied polystyrene, polypropylene, and natural or biodegradable utensils were (2.3 ± 1.3), (1.01 ± 0.15), and (0.48 ± 0.37) μg g−1, respectively, at 40 °C and (11.1 ± 1.2), (46.1 ± 9.5), and (5.5 ± 1.1) μg g−1, respectively, at 80 °C. Significant emissions of styrene (ranged from 3.5 up to 15.3 × 103 ng∙g−1), toluene (from 2.8 up to 0.53 × 103 ng∙g−1), and ethylbenzene (from 3.7 up to 5.7 × 103 ng∙g−1) from the studied samples were observed, especially at 80 °C. Thus, elevated temperatures increase the potential emission of solvent and monomer residues from plastics and could affect the quality of consumed meals or beverages, such as taste. Additionally, to determine the possible interactions between the measured chemical compounds in the plastic utensils, the Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated.
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•The ATR-FTIR analysis of studied samples of single-use plastic utensils was performed.•The emission rate of selected monoaromatic hydrocarbons from single-use utensils was investigated.•For studied samples of single-use plastic utensils the TVOCs parameter was calculated.•Emitted solvents and monomers residues might be transported directly to the hot meal or beverage.•The Pearson's coefficients were calculated to assess the realtion between obtained results.
This paper investigated the impact of twin-screw extrusion parameters on the properties of brewers' spent grain. The chemical structure, antioxidant activity, particle size, and color properties, as ...well as the emission of volatile organic compounds during extrusion, were investigated. The main compounds detected in the air during modifications were terpenes and terpenoids, such as α-pinene, camphene, 3-carene, limonene, or terpinene. They could be considered as a potential threat to human health and the environment. Changes in the chemical structure, antioxidant activity, and color of materials after modification indicated the Maillard reactions during extrusion, which resulted in the generation of melanoidins, especially at higher temperatures. This should be considered an exciting feature of this treatment method because modified brewers' spent grain may improve the thermooxidative stability of polymer materials. Moreover, the impact of the brewers' spent grain particle size on color and browning index used to determine the melanoidins content was investigated. The presented results show that proper adjustment of extrusion parameters enables the preparation of brewers' spent grain with the desired appearance and chemical properties, which could maximize the efficiency of the modification process.
For several years intensive research has been carried out with the aim of developing a database of the types and amounts of pollutants released from indoor materials to the indoor environment. The ...paper discusses in detail basic problems and challenges encountered when estimating the emissions of chemical compounds released from of indoor materials. Factors affecting the validity of data obtained by using two different types of analytical devices operating in a dynamic mode (the ex-situ methods) or passive mode (the in-situ methods) for collecting the analytes samples from the gaseous phase were discussed. The main advantages and important limitations of specific analytical devices and aspects of the morphology of the studied indoor material that may influence the type and amount of chemical compounds released into the air were also highlighted. Attention has also been drawn to challenges encountered when developing candidate reference materials dedicated for measuring emissions from indoor matrices.
•Factors determining the optimal choice of the emissions analytical device were indicated.•Advantages and limitations of ex-situ methods for estimating the quality of indoor materials were discussed.•Benefits and drawbacks associated with in-situ research for measuring emissions of chemical compounds were investigated.•Factors affecting the reliability of data obtained when estimating emissions of chemical compounds were described.•Challenges encountered when developing reference materials dedicated for measuring emissions from indoor matrices were shown.
Over the last two decades the process of development and application of a new types of molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) sorbents in the field of analytical chemistry have been widely described in ...the literature. One of the new trends in analytical chemistry practice is the use of new types of MIP sorbents as specific sorption materials constituting the stationary phase in advanced separation techniques. The following review paper contains comprehensive information about the application of a specific and well defined MIP sorbents (with the data base in the paper about the reagents used in MIP preparation process) as stationary phases in separation techniques including high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. Coverage includes newly created types of stationary phases (MIP sorbents) used for chiral recognition, with the focus on applications in enantioselective separation.
•The current role of MIP-type affinity materials in chiral recognition is provided.•The application of MIPs in the field of assessing the optical purity of chemical compounds is presented.•Types of MIPs used as stationary phases in separation techniques are mentioned.•Application of MIPs in enantioseparation by chromatographic techniques is discussed.•Future challenges concerning MIPs are discussed.
► A compendium of knowledge about types of emission test chambers is elaborated. ► Emission cells (FLEC) as an alternative to emission test chambers are presented. ► Passive flux samplers are ...proposed as a practical, easy and cheap emission test chambers. ► Thermal desorption is described as a convenient and useful screening method for testing materials.
Adults spend most of their time in enclosed spaces (e.g., apartment, office and public buildings). According to research conducted by scientists, air quality indoors is much worse than the ambient air quality outdoors. Hazardous chemicals found in air indoors can adversely affect the functioning of the human body and cause many respiratory and circulatory diseases. Harmful chemical compounds (mainly volatile organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds) in the indoor environment are present because they are emitted from building and construction materials, and indoor equipment.
One way of determining the levels of emissions of harmful chemicals is to use emission test chambers (ETCs), which can optimize analytical parameters (e.g., temperature, humidity, loading factor of the test chamber and the air-exchange rate).
This article reviews the literature on the analytical methodologies that are used for different types of ETC for estimating emissions of chemicals from building and construction materials and components of indoor equipment.
Samples with complex matrix analyzed during explanation of pathogenesis of various diseases and food or environmental monitoring request advanced analytical and instrumental devices. Among the ...materials used for described purposes, quantum (QDs) or carbon dots (CDs) layered by molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) shells have gained widespread attention. Unique optical and physicochemical properties of QDs/CDs together with high MIPs selectivity make the QD/CD-MIP conjugates capable of adsorbing specific target molecules – such a binding event is then transduced as the optical signal of the response by the QDs/CDs. This review includes brief introduction on principles of imprinting process, QD/CD properties and QD/CD-MIP preparation techniques. Then, recent advancement of QD/CD-MIP in bioanalysis including environmental, biological and food samples investigations are summarized and emphasized. Finally, current limits of QD/CD-MIPs are defined and prospects are outlined to intensify the capability of QD/CD-MIP in future bioanalytical procedures.
•Benefits and drawbacks of QD/CD-MIPs used for analytical purposes are described.•The recent advances of QD/CD-MIPs in environmental samples analysis are reviewed.•The application of QD/CD-MIPs to biomedical samples is described.•The recognition of QD/CD-MIPs for the determination of food components is discussed.
The design, preparation process, binding abilities, morphological characteristic and prospective field of application of dummy-template magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (DMMIP) for preliminary ...recognition of the selected low-mass polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE-47 and PBDE-99) from aquatic environment were investigated. The surface of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanopowder (50–100 nm particles size) was modified with tetraethoxysilane and next prepared Fe3O4@SiO2 particles were dispersed in anhydrous toluene functionalized by (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane. Finally, MIPs' thin film layer on the surface of Fe3O4@SiO2@NH2 was formed in acetonitrile as a solvent solution, using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker, building monomer, 1,1′-Azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile) as the radical initiator, methacrylic acid as a functional monomer and 4,4′-Dihydroxydiphenyl ether as the dummy template molecule as a structural analogue of low-mass PBDEs. To characterize the chemical structure of prepared DMMIPs, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was performed. The specific surface area of the developed sorbent was estimated using Brauner-Emmet-Teller nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis. To assess the average pore sizes, pore diameters and pore volumes of the prepared sorbent, the Barret-Joyner-Halenda technique was applied. The average values of imprinting factor for PBDE-47 and PBDE-99 were 11.3 ± 1.6 and 13.7 ± 1.2, respectively. The average value of recovery of PBDE-47 and PBDE-99 for developed DMMIPs from modelling water: methanol solution were 85.4 ± 6.7% and 86.4 ± 9.4%, respectively. In a case of spiked distilled water, tap water as well as local river water the calculated recovery values ranged from 65%% up to 82% and from 33% up to 76% for PBDE-47 and PBDE-99, respectively. Following the preliminary research on selected water samples, the proposed combination of imprinting technology and core–shell materials with magnetic properties might be considered as a promising sorption tool used for targeted recognition of low-mass PBDEs in aquatic solutions.
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•The preparation process of core-shell magnetic DMIP for low-mass PBDEs was described.•The 4,4-Dihydroxydiphenyl ether was used as a dummy-template of low-mass PBDEs for magnetic MIP.•The morphological structure and binding abilities of prepared magnetic DMIP were investigated.•Synthesised magnetic DMIP shows sufficient specific recognition to low-mass PBDEs.•The application potential of prepared magnetic DMIP for targeted analytes in water samples was studied.
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