Oxygen isotope microanalyses of authigenic quartz, in combination with temperatures of quartz precipitation constrained by fluid inclusion microthermometry and burial history modelling, are employed ...to trace the origin and evolution of pore waters in three distinct reservoirs of the Brae Formation in the Miller and Kingfisher Fields (North Sea). Oxygen isotope ratios of quartz cements were measured in situ in nine sandstone thin sections with a Cameca ims-4f ion microprobe. In conjunction with quartz cement paragenesis in the reservoirs, constrained from textural and cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy studies, pore water evolution was reconstructed from the time of deposition of the sandstones in the Upper Jurassic until the present.
CL photomicrographs of quartz overgrowths in the Brae Formation sandstones show three cement zones (A, B and C) which can be related to different oxygen isotope compositions: (1) the earliest, and thinnest, zone A (homogeneous CL pattern with probable
δ
18O values between +23‰ and +26‰—direct measurements were not possible) precipitated in the sandstones at temperatures <60 °C; (2) the second zone B (complex CL pattern and directly measured
δ
18O values between +15‰ and +18‰) precipitated in the sandstones most likely between 70 and 90 °C; (3) the third zone C (homogeneous CL pattern and directly measured
δ
18O values between +16‰ and +22‰) precipitated in the sandstones most likely at temperatures >90 °C. Calculated oxygen isotope compositions of pore waters show that zone A quartz cements, and enclosing concretionary calcite, precipitated from a meteoric-type fluid (∼−7‰) during shallow burial (<1.5 km). Zone B quartz cements precipitated from fluids which evolved in composition from a meteoric-type fluid (
δ
18O −7‰) to a more
18O-enriched fluid (
δ
18O −4‰) as burial continued to ∼3.0 km. Data from zone C quartz cements are consistent with further fluid evolution from
δ
18O −4‰ to basinal-type fluids with
δ
18O similar to the present-day formation water oxygen isotope composition (+0.6‰ at 4.0 km burial). A similar pore water evolution can be derived for all three reservoirs studied, indicating that hydrogeologic evolution was similar across sandstones of the whole Brae Formation.
The quartz cement zones observed in the Brae Formation sandstones, and the pore water history derived for the area studied, is analogous to published petrographic and pore water evolution data from the nearby Brent Group reservoirs and from reservoirs located in the Haltenbanken area on the Atlantic margin offshore Norway. Considering quartz cement is a major porosity-occluding phase in many reservoir sandstones, and because pore waters both dissolve quartz and carry the dissolved silica to cementation sites, the data presented are valuable for improving the understanding and prediction of reservoir quality development in sandstones globally.
Background: North American Chinese women have lower levels of Papanicolaou (Pap) testing than other population subgroups. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of ...two alternative cervical cancer screening interventions for Chinese women living in North America. Methods: Four hundred and eighty-two Pap testing underutilizers were identified from community-based surveys of Chinese women conducted in Seattle, Washington, and Vancouver, British Columbia. These women were randomly assigned to one of two experimental arms or control status. Several Chinese-language materials were used in both experimental arms: an education-entertainment video, a motivational pamphlet, an educational brochure, and a fact sheet. Women in the first experimental group (outreach worker intervention) received the materials, as well as tailored counseling and logistic assistance, during home visits by trilingual, bicultural outreach workers. Those in the second experimental group (direct mail intervention) received the materials by mail. The control group received usual care. Follow-up surveys were completed 6 months after randomization to ascertain participants' Pap testing behavior. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: A total of 402 women responded to the follow-up survey (83% response rate). Of these women, 50 (39%) of the 129 women in the outreach group, 35 (25%) of the 139 women in the direct mail group, and 20 (15%) of the 134 women in the control group reported Pap testing in the interval between randomization and follow-up data collection (P<.001 for outreach worker versus control, P = .03 for direct mail versus control, and P = .02 for outreach worker versus direct mail). Intervention effects were greater in Vancouver than in Seattle. Conclusion: Culturally and linguistically appropriate interventions may improve Pap testing levels among Chinese women in North America.
Census data indicate that Cambodian Americans are economically disadvantaged and linguistically isolated. In addition, cancer registry data show that Southeast Asians experience several ...cancer-related health disparities (e.g., markedly elevated risks of cervical and liver cancer). The Seattle regional Asian American Network for Cancer, Awareness, Research, and Training (AANCART) site has implemented a community-based cancer awareness program for Cambodian immigrants in collaboration with a Cambodian community coalition. Our cancer awareness program has the following goals: to assist individuals and organizations in advocating for a healthy community, to provide information within a cultural context, and to deliver information in ways that are useful and meaningful to the community. The program was guided by a community assessment that included the use of published data as well as information from qualitative interviews, focus groups, and quantitative surveys. Examples of community awareness activities include group presentations at community-based organizations (e.g., during English as a second language classes), health fair participation (including at nontraditional venues such as a farmers' market serving Cambodians), and educational displays in neighborhood locations (e.g., at Cambodian video stores). In addition, the Seattle AANCART site has both inventoried and developed culturally appropriate Khmer language cancer education materials and disseminated materials through the ETHNO-MED website. Our approach recognizes that limited English language proficiency may preclude many Cambodians from understanding publicly disseminated information, and Cambodian immigrants are often isolated and tend to stay close to their own neighborhoods.
Census data indicate that Cambodian Americans are economically disadvantaged and linguistically isolated. In addition, cancer registry data show that Southeast Asians experience several ...cancer-related health disparities (e.g., markedly elevated risks of cervical and liver cancer). The Seattle regional Asian American Network for Cancer, Awareness, Research, and Training (AANCART) site has implemented a community-based cancer awareness program for Cambodian immigrants in collaboration with a Cambodian community coalition. Our cancer awareness program has the following goals: to assist individuals and organizations in advocating for a healthy community, to provide information within a cultural context, and to deliver information in ways that are useful and meaningful to the community. The program was guided by a community assessment that included the use of published data as well as information from qualitative interviews, focus groups, and quantitative surveys. Examples of community awareness activities include group presentations at community-based organizations (e.g., during English as a second language classes), health fair participation (including at nontraditional venues such as a farmers’ market serving Cambodians), and educational displays in neighborhood locations (e.g., at Cambodian video stores). In addition, the Seattle AANCART site has both inventoried and developed culturally appropriate Khmer language cancer education materials and disseminated materials through the ETHNOMED website. Our approach recognizes that limited English language proficiency may preclude many Cambodians from understanding publicly disseminated information, and Cambodian immigrants are often isolated and tend to stay close to their own neighborhoods.
Currently, a controversy exists as to whether oil charge in reservoirs has an inhibiting effect on quartz cementation. The Brae Formation sandstone reservoirs in the Miller and Kingfisher oilfields ...display in some areas anomalously high porosity (25-30%) preserved to depths in excess of 4km (~120°C). The high porosity in these sandstones is directly linked to low quartz cement volumes (<5%). In the Miller Field, the crestal areas of the reservoir have porosities of up to 25% and a quartz cement content of <5%. Towards the oil-water contact (OWC), and in the aquifer of this same reservoir, porosity decreases and quartz cement content increases to 14% and 15% respectively. In the Kingfisher Field, two reservoirs separated by a mudstone layer are present. The lower reservoir, which connects with the reservoir in the adjacent Miller Field, displays porosities ~14% and quartz cement contents of ~10%. The upper reservoir is of overall high porosity (25-30%) and exhibits low quartz cement contents (<5%). Combined results from fluid inclusion and basin modelling studies in the Brae Formation reservoirs show that the duration of quartz cement precipitation is linked to hydrocarbon emplacement. In the Miller Field. quartz cementation in the high porosity (up to 25%) parts of the reservoir continued until the sandstones were buried to 95-105°C. This temperature corresponds to the burial depth (3km) and time (40Ma) at which oil entered the reservoir. Results for the Kingfisher Field indicate a similar oil emplacement time in the upper reservoir with 25-30% porosity and <5% quartz cement content, but a more recent (l5Ma) oil-fill for the lower reservoir with ~14% porosity and ~10% quartz cement content. Kinetic modelling of the quartz cementation process reveals that quartz cementation rates in the oil-filled parts of reservoirs examined (10-22 moles/cm2.s) are at least two orders of magnitude smaller than in the aquifers (10-19 moles/cm2.s).
Currently, a controversy exists as to whether oil charge in reservoirs has an inhibiting effect on quartz cementation. The Brae Formation sandstone reservoirs in the Miller and Kingfisher oilfields ...display in some areas anomalously high porosity (25-30%) preserved to depths in excess of 4km (~120°C). The high porosity in these sandstones is directly linked to low quartz cement volumes (<5%). In the Miller Field, the crestal areas of the reservoir have porosities of up to 25% and a quartz cement content of <5%. Towards the oil-water contact (OWC), and in the aquifer of this same reservoir, porosity decreases and quartz cement content increases to 14% and 15% respectively. In the Kingfisher Field, two reservoirs separated by a mudstone layer are present. The lower reservoir, which connects with the reservoir in the adjacent Miller Field, displays porosities ~14% and quartz cement contents of ~10%. The upper reservoir is of overall high porosity (25-30%) and exhibits low quartz cement contents (<5%). Combined results from fluid inclusion and basin modelling studies in the Brae Formation reservoirs show that the duration of quartz cement precipitation is linked to hydrocarbon emplacement. In the Miller Field. quartz cementation in the high porosity (up to 25%) parts of the reservoir continued until the sandstones were buried to 95-105°C. This temperature corresponds to the burial depth (3km) and time (40Ma) at which oil entered the reservoir. Results for the Kingfisher Field indicate a similar oil emplacement time in the upper reservoir with 25-30% porosity and <5% quartz cement content, but a more recent (l5Ma) oil-fill for the lower reservoir with ~14% porosity and ~10% quartz cement content. Kinetic modelling of the quartz cementation process reveals that quartz cementation rates in the oil-filled parts of reservoirs examined (10-22 moles/cm2.s) are at least two orders of magnitude smaller than in the aquifers (10-19 moles/cm2.s).
Background: North American Chinese women have lower levels of Papanicolaou (Pap) testing than other population subgroups. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of ...two alternative cervical cancer screening interventions for Chinese women living in North America. Methods: Four hundred and eighty-two Pap testing underutilizers were identified from community-based surveys of Chinese women conducted in Seattle, Washington, and Vancouver, British Columbia. These women were randomly assigned to one of two experimental arms or control status. Several Chinese-language materials were used in both experimental arms: an education-entertainment video, a motivational pamphlet, an educational brochure, and a fact sheet. Women in the first experimental group (outreach worker intervention) received the materials, as well as tailored counseling and logistic assistance, during home visits by trilingual, bicultural outreach workers. Those in the second experimental group (direct mail intervention) received the materials by mail. The control group received usual care. Follow-up surveys were completed 6 months after randomization to ascertain participants' Pap testing behavior. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: A total of 402 women responded to the follow-up survey (83% response rate). Of these women, 50 (39%) of the 129 women in the outreach group, 35 (25%) of the 139 women in the direct mail group, and 20 (15%) of the 134 women in the control group reported Pap testing in the interval between randomization and follow-up data collection (P<.001 for outreach worker versus control, P = .03 for direct mail versus control, and P = .02 for outreach worker versus direct mail). Intervention effects were greater in Vancouver than in Seattle. Conclusion: Culturally and linguistically appropriate interventions may improve Pap testing levels among Chinese women in North America.
The objective of the study was to develop a culturally relevant video and a pamphlet for use as a cervical cancer screening educational intervention among North-American Chinese women. The project ...conducted 87 qualitative interviews and nine focus groups to develop a culturally tailored intervention to improve Pap testing rates. The intervention consisted of an educational/motivational video, a pamphlet, and home visits. Less acculturated Chinese women draw on a rich tradition of herbal knowledge and folk practices historically based on Chinese medical theory, now mixed with new information from the media and popular culture. The video, the pamphlet, and the outreach workers knowledge base were designed using these results and combined with biomedical information to address potential obstacles to Pap testing. Culturally relevant information for reproductive health promotion was easily retrieved through qualitative interviews and used to create educational materials modeling the integration of Pap testing into Chinese women's health practices. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Introduction: Southeast Asian women have low levels of Papanicolaou (Pap) testing participation. We conducted a group-randomized controlled trial to evaluate a cervical cancer screening intervention ...program targeting Seattle’s Cambodian refugee community.
Methods: Women who completed a baseline, community-based survey were eligible for the trial. Neighborhoods were the unit of randomization. Three hundred and seventy survey participants living in 17 neighborhoods were randomized to intervention or control status. Intervention group women received home visits by outreach workers and were invited to group meetings in neighborhood settings. The primary outcome measure was self-reported Pap testing in the year prior to completing a follow-up survey.
Results: The proportion of women in the intervention group reporting recent cervical cancer screening increased from 44% at baseline to 61% at follow-up (+17%). The corresponding proportions among the control group were 51 and 62% (+11%). These temporal increases were statistically significant in both the intervention (
P<0.001) and control (
P=0.027) groups.
Discussion: This study was unable to document an increase in Pap testing use specifically in the neighborhood-based outreach intervention group; rather, we found an increase in both intervention and control groups. A general awareness of the project among women and their health care providers as well as other ongoing cervical cancer screening promotional efforts may all have contributed to increases in Pap testing rates.
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