ABSTRACT
We present optical and near-infrared data of three Type II supernovae (SNe II), SN 2008bm, SN 2009aj, and SN 2009au. These SNe display the following common characteristics: signs of early ...interaction of the ejecta with circumstellar material (CSM), blue B − V colours, weakness of metal lines, low expansion velocities, and V-band absolute magnitudes 2–3 mag brighter than those expected for normal SNe II based on their expansion velocities. Two more SNe reported in the literature (SN 1983K and LSQ13fn) share properties similar to our sample. Analysing this set of five SNe II, which are luminous for their low expansion velocities (LLEV), we find that their properties can be reproduced assuming ejecta–CSM interaction that lasts between 4 and 11 weeks post-explosion. The contribution of this interaction to the radiation field seems to be the dominant component determining the observed weakness of metal lines in the spectra rather than the progenitor metallicity. Based on hydrodynamic simulations, we find that the interaction of the ejecta with a CSM of ∼3.6 M⊙ can reproduce the light curves and expansion velocities of SN 2009aj. Using data collected by the Chilean Automatic Supernova Search, we estimate an upper limit for the LLEV SNe II fraction to be 2–4 per cent of all normal SNe II. With the current data set, it is not clear whether the LLEV events are a separated class of SNe II with a different progenitor system, or whether they are the extreme of a continuum mediated by CSM interaction with the rest of the normal SN II population.
We present optical and near-IR data of three Type II supernovae (SNe II), SN 2008bm, SN 2009aj, and SN 2009au. These SNe display the following common characteristics: signs of early interaction of ...the ejecta with circumstellar material (CSM), blue \(B\!-\!V\) colours, weakness of metal lines, low expansion velocities, and \(V\)-band absolute magnitudes 2-3 mag brighter than those expected for normal SNe II based on their expansion velocities. Two more SNe reported in the literature (SN 1983K and LSQ13fn) share properties similar to our sample. Analysing this set of five SNe II, which are luminous for their low expansion velocities (LLEV), we find that their properties can be reproduced assuming ejecta-CSM interaction that lasts between 4-11 weeks post explosion. The contribution of this interaction to the radiation field seems to be the dominant component determining the observed weakness of metal lines in the spectra rather than the progenitor metallicity. Based on hydrodynamic simulations, we find that the interaction of the ejecta with a CSM of ~3.6 M\(_\odot\) can reproduce the light curves and expansion velocities of SN 2009aj. Using data collected by the Chilean Automatic Supernova Search, we estimate an upper limit for the LLEV SNe II fraction to be 2-4 per cent of all normal SNe II. With the current data-set, it is not clear whether the LLEV events are a separated class of SNe II with a different progenitor system, or whether they are the extreme of a continuum mediated by CSM interaction with the rest of the normal SN II population.
Abstract
In this work, we use structural properties of the Milky Way’s outer halo (
R
G
> 25 kpc) satellites (dwarf spheroidal galaxies, ultra-faint dwarf (UFD) galaxies and globular clusters (GCs)) ...derived from deep, wide-field, and homogeneous data to present evidence of a correlation in the Sérsic index versus effective radius plane followed by a large fraction of outer halo GCs and satellite dwarf galaxies. We show that this correlation can be entirely reproduced by fitting empirical relations in the central surface brightness versus absolute magnitude and Sérsic index versus absolute magnitude parameter spaces, and by assuming the existence of two types of outer halo GCs: one of high surface brightness (HSB group), with properties similar to those of inner halo clusters; and another of low surface brightness (LSB group), which share characteristics with dwarf spheroidal and UFD galaxies. Given the similarities of LSB clusters with dwarf spheroidal and UFD galaxies, we discuss the possibility that outer halo clusters also originated inside dark matter halos and that tidal forces from different host galaxy potentials are responsible for the different properties between HSB and LSB clusters.
In this work, we use structural properties of the Milky Way's outer halo (RG > 25 kpc) satellites (dwarf spheroidal galaxies, ultra-faint dwarf (UFD) galaxies and globular clusters (GCs)) derived ...from deep, wide-field, and homogeneous data to present evidence of a correlation in the Sérsic index versus effective radius plane followed by a large fraction of outer halo GCs and satellite dwarf galaxies. We show that this correlation can be entirely reproduced by fitting empirical relations in the central surface brightness versus absolute magnitude and Sérsic index versus absolute magnitude parameter spaces, and by assuming the existence of two types of outer halo GCs: one of high surface brightness (HSB group), with properties similar to those of inner halo clusters; and another of low surface brightness (LSB group), which share characteristics with dwarf spheroidal and UFD galaxies. Given the similarities of LSB clusters with dwarf spheroidal and UFD galaxies, we discuss the possibility that outer halo clusters also originated inside dark matter halos and that tidal forces from different host galaxy potentials are responsible for the different properties between HSB and LSB clusters.
In this work we use structural properties of Milky Way's outer halo ($R_G >
25\,\mathrm{kpc}$) satellites (dwarf spheroidal galaxies, ultra-faint dwarf
galaxies and globular clusters) derived from ...deep, wide-field and homogeneous
data, to present evidence of a correlation in the S\'ersic index v/s effective
radius plane followed by a large fraction of outer halo globular clusters and
satellite dwarf galaxies. We show that this correlation can be entirely
reproduced by fitting empirical relations in the central surface brightness v/s
absolute magnitude and S\'ersic index v/s absolute magnitude parameter spaces,
and by assuming the existence of two types of outer halo globular clusters: one
of high surface brightness (HSB group), with properties similar to inner halo
clusters; and another of low surface brightness (LSB group), which share
characteristics with dwarf spheroidal and ultra-faint dwarf galaxies. Given the
similarities of LSB clusters with dwarf spheroidal and ultra-faint dwarf
galaxies, we discuss the possibility that outer halo clusters also originated
inside dark matter halos and that tidal forces from different galaxy host's
potentials are responsible for the different properties between HSB and LSB
clusters.
In this work we use structural properties of Milky Way's outer halo (\(R_G > 25\,\mathrm{kpc}\)) satellites (dwarf spheroidal galaxies, ultra-faint dwarf galaxies and globular clusters) derived from ...deep, wide-field and homogeneous data, to present evidence of a correlation in the Sérsic index v/s effective radius plane followed by a large fraction of outer halo globular clusters and satellite dwarf galaxies. We show that this correlation can be entirely reproduced by fitting empirical relations in the central surface brightness v/s absolute magnitude and Sérsic index v/s absolute magnitude parameter spaces, and by assuming the existence of two types of outer halo globular clusters: one of high surface brightness (HSB group), with properties similar to inner halo clusters; and another of low surface brightness (LSB group), which share characteristics with dwarf spheroidal and ultra-faint dwarf galaxies. Given the similarities of LSB clusters with dwarf spheroidal and ultra-faint dwarf galaxies, we discuss the possibility that outer halo clusters also originated inside dark matter halos and that tidal forces from different galaxy host's potentials are responsible for the different properties between HSB and LSB clusters.
PDF
