Demokratska društva žive po komunikacijskim protokolima. Za sve vrste djelatnosti postoje procedure - formati. Kad Hrvatska ovlada protokolima tj. uskladi poglavlja, ući će u Europsku uniju. I dok ...kao država polažemo prijamni ispit spremnosti za život u europskom informacijskom društvu, bolonjskim procesom poučavamo studente kako se uključiti u društvo znanja. Poučavamo ih informatičkoj pismenosti nužnoj za informacijsku pismenost - kako i gdje naći traženu informaciju. Učimo ih razlikovati društvo znanja, kao društvo forme, formata i protokola od često u praksi prisutnog birokratskog formalizma. Učimo ih informacijskom kapitalizmu koji traži poštivanje zakona i provodi kazne za kršenje pravila. Učimo ih kako pojedinci i države imaju svoje identifikacijske, prezentacijske, dokazne i pokazne kulturne formate i zakone kao njihove regulatore, a da su world
Demokratska društva žive po komunikacijskim protokolima. Za sve vrste djelatnosti postoje procedure - formati. Kad Hrvatska ovlada protokolima tj. uskladi poglavlja, ući će u Europsku uniju. I dok ...kao država polažemo prijamni ispit spremnosti za život u europskom informacijskom društvu, bolonjskim procesom poučavamo studente kako se uključiti u društvo znanja. Poučavamo ih informatičkoj pismenosti nužnoj
za informacijsku pismenost - kako i gdje naći traženu informaciju. Učimo ih razlikovati društvo znanja, kao društvo forme, formata i protokola od često u praksi prisutnog birokratskog formalizma. Učimo ih informacijskom kapitalizmu koji traži poštivanje zakona i provodi kazne za kršenje pravila. Učimo ih kako pojedinci i države imaju svoje identifikacijske, prezentacijske, dokazne i pokazne kulturne formate i zakone kao njihove regulatore, a da su world wide web, svekoliki mediji i
nosači informacija sredstva pronalaženja informacija i znanja.
Democratic societies live by communication protocols. All types of operations follow certain procedures. Croatia as a state will join the European Union when it adapts to its protocols. This will happen when Croatia changes its legislation. In a sense Croatia needs to pass an entrance examination of readiness for living in the european society that is based on communication and knowledge. At the University students
are taught by the Bologne educational process on how to join knowledge
society. We coach them about computer literacy which is necessary for communication literacy - how and where to find informations. They are taught about differences between the society of knowledge vs. the society that is based on following formal bureaucratic procedures. The latter being widespread in Croatian society. They study about this new form of capitalism (information capitalism) which enforces laws and punishment for violation of legislation. They learn that individuals and
states have their identifying, formal, noticeable and visible culture formats and laws as their regulators. Finally, they are taught that the world wide web and all types of media are just instruments of finding information and knowledge
Demokratska društva žive po komunikacijskim protokolima. Za sve vrste djelatnosti postoje procedure - formati. Kad Hrvatska ovlada protokolima tj. uskladi poglavlja, ući će u Europsku uniju. I dok ...kao država polažemo prijamni ispit spremnosti za život u europskom informacijskom društvu, bolonjskim procesom poučavamo studente kako se uključiti u društvo znanja. Poučavamo ih informatičkoj pismenosti nužnoj za informacijsku pismenost - kako i gdje naći traženu informaciju. Učimo ih razlikovati društvo znanja, kao društvo forme, formata i protokola od često u praksi prisutnog birokratskog formalizma. Učimo ih informacijskom kapitalizmu koji traži poštivanje zakona i provodi kazne za kršenje pravila. Učimo ih kako pojedinci i države imaju svoje identifikacijske, prezentacijske, dokazne i pokazne kulturne formate i zakone kao njihove regulatore, a da su world wide web, svekoliki mediji i nosači informacija sredstva pronalaženja informacija i znanja.
A series of fluorescent mono- (
14
) and bis-pyrene derivatives (
57
) were synthesized and their photophysical and self-aggregation properties in solution were fully investigated by UV-vis and ...fluorescence spectroscopies and dynamic light scattering (DLS). While in dilute DMSO mono-pyrene derivatives
14
show the characteristic features of monomer emission, bis-pyrene derivatives
57
display both monomer and excimer emissions, the latter attributable to a dynamic process. The gelation behaviour of these compounds was also studied, and only mono-pyrene leucine derivative
1
was found to display efficient gelation in aromatic solvents, such as toluene and
p
-xylene, and in a polar solvent mixture, water/DMSO (4:1 v/v). Finally, mono-pyrenes
14
showed no apparent cytotoxic impact on A549 and RD cell lines; derivatives
15
showed accumulation within both live and fixed cells, and macropinocytosis was found to be the main pathway for
5
to enter into the cells.
Seven newly designed mono- and bis-pyrene derivatives with varying amino acid units self-assembled into fluorescent organic nanoparticles and were used for imaging in live cells.
This prospective nationwide study in Croatia (March 1, 2020-December 31, 2021) embraced 121 children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome. Incidence rates, disease course and outcomes were similar ...to those reported from other European countries. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus Alpha strain appeared associated with a higher propensity to result in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children than the Delta strain but did not appear related to disease severity.
Antioxidant N-tert-Butyl-α-phenylnitron (PBN) partly protected embryos from the negative effects of a DNA demethylating drug 5-azacytidine during pregnancy. Our aim was to investigate PBN's impact on ...the placenta. Fischer rat dams were treated on gestation days (GD) 12 and 13 by PBN (40 mg/kg), followed by 5azaC (5 mg/kg) after one hour. Global methylation was assessed by pyrosequencing. Numerical density was calculated from immunohistochemical expression in single cells for proliferating (PCNA), oxidative (oxoguanosine) and nitrosative (nitrotyrosine) activity. Results were compared with the PBN-treated and control rats. PBN-pretreatment significantly increased placental weight at GD15 and GD20, diminished by 5azaC, and diminished apoptosis in GD 20 placentas caused by 5azaC. Oxoguanosine expression in placentas of 5azaC-treated dams was especially high in the placental labyrinth on GD 15, while PBN-pretreatment lowered its expression on GD 15 and GD 20 in both the labyrinth and basal layer. 5azaC enhanced nitrotyrosine level in the labyrinth of both gestational stages, while PBN-pretreatment lowered it. We conclude that PBN exerted its prophylactic activity against DNA hypomethylating agent 5azaC in the placenta through free radical scavenging, especially in the labyrinthine part of the placenta until the last day of pregnancy.
Background: Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a form of male infertility caused by disorders of the testicular parenchyma and impaired spermatogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the nature ...of Leydig cell changes in patients with NOA, especially whether their actual proliferation occurred. Methods: 48 testicular biopsies from infertile patients with NOA and 24 testicular biopsies originating from azoospermic patients suffering from obstructive azoospermia (OA) were included in the study. Leydig cells and their possible proliferative activity were analysed by immunohistochemistry and morphometry (stereology). Results: Unlike in the OA group, Leydig cells in NOA patients were sometimes organised into larger clusters and displayed an abundant cytoplasm/hypertrophy. Moreover, significant fibrosis of the interstitial compartment was demonstrated in some NOA samples, often accompanied by inflammatory cells. Stereological analysis showed no increase/proliferation of Leydig cells; on the contrary, these cells decreased in number in the NOA group. Conclusions: The decrease in the number of Leydig cells can be explained by previous inflammatory changes within the testicular interstitium and consequent interstitial fibrosis. The interstitial fibrosis might have a deteriorating effect on Leydig cells.
Background
Reinke crystals are structures pathognomonic for Leydig cells, which have the important function of testosterone production and are vital for male reproductive health. These crystalline ...inclusions are thought to be of protein origin; however, the molecular composition has not yet been resolved.
Objectives
This review summarizes all available information regarding Reinke crystal's characteristics and aims to produce a comprehensive guide for research on this topic as well as to determine and discuss potential Reinke‐protein candidates.
Methods
Pubmed was thoroughly searched for all publications regarding Reinke crystals and 137 publications were identified. All publications were surveyed and all relevant information was included in the review.
Results
Along with the cytoplasm, structures that resemble Reinke crystals were also observed in the nucleus, suggesting that their formation depends only on protein concentration. Variations in tissue processing protocols could impact Reinke crystal microscopic visualization, which is an important factor in diagnosing Leydig cell disorders such as Leydig cell tumors. Reinke crystals appear to be hallmarks of normally differentiated, adult, Leydig or Leydig‐like cells in humans, while some abnormal and nonhuman Leydig cells contain Reinke‐like paracrystalline inclusions or crystalloids.
Conclusions
These characteristics point to some differentially expressed proteins, which could be involved in Reinke crystal formation. Differential Reinke crystal and paracrystalline inclusion presence could also be due to small changes in protein structure or the cell environment. Further research is needed to solve the ongoing mystery of the Reinke crystal, which would enhance our knowledge of Leydig cell contribution in the pathogenesis of various male reproductive disorders and improve their diagnosis and treatment.
This cohort study aimed to determine patterns of glycemic fluctuation and changes in metabolic parameters during and after corticosteroid administration in newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell ...lymphoma (DLBCL) patients treated with R-CHOP chemotherapy.
The study was performed in 20 patients of whom 11 had diabetes and 9 were nondiabetics. Anthropometric parameters were collected, and blood samples were taken four times during the study to analyze metabolic parameters. Capillary glucose was measured seven times a day (fasting, before mean meals, postprandial, and before bedtime) to evaluate the glycemic profile.
In all 20 patients, acute glucocorticoid administration resulted in the elevation of average glucose levels, dominantly postprandial in the afternoon which correlates with corticosteroid peak action. In 7 out of 11 diabetics, prandial insulin was started during corticosteroid administration and discontinued afterward. Although none of our nondiabetic patients met diabetes criteria, evident is the elevation in average glycemia levels six weeks after corticosteroid administration. Potentially, even transient corticosteroid administration reduces insulin sensitivity and contributes to later glycemic disturbances. HbA1c levels were higher at the end of the study while fructosamine levels were higher during the study.
Patients and health-care professionals need to be aware of corticosteroid-induced hyperglycemia. We recommend identifying risk factors, measuring glycemia before, during, and after corticosteroid administration, and starting the adequate therapy as soon as possible.
Although DNA methylation epigenetically regulates development, data on global DNA methylation during development of limb buds (LBs) are scarce. We aimed to investigate the global DNA methylation ...developmental dynamics in rat LBs cultivated in a serum-supplemented (SS) and in chemically defined serum- and protein-free (SF) three-dimensional organ culture. Fischer rat front- and hind-LBs at 13th and 14th gestation days (GD) were cultivated at the air-liquid interface in Eagle's Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) or MEM with 50% rat serum for 14 days, as SF and SS conditions, respectively. The methylation of repetitive DNA sequences (SINE rat ID elements) was assessed by pyrosequencing. Development was evaluated by light microscopy and extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans staining by Safranin O. Upon isolation, weak Safranin O staining was present only in more developed GD14 front-LBs. Chondrogenesis proceeded well in all cultures towards day 14, except in the SF-cultivated GD13 hind-LBs, where Safranin O staining was almost absent on day 3. That was associated with a higher percentage of DNA methylation than in SF-cultivated GD13 front-LBs on day three. In SF-cultivated front-LBs, a significant methylation increase between the 3rd and 14th day was detected. In SS-cultivated GD13 front-LBs, methylation increased significantly on day three and then decreased. In older GD14 SS-cultivated LBs, there was no increase of DNA methylation, but they were significantly hypomethylated relative to the SS-cultivated GD13 at days 3 and 14. We confirmed that the global DNA methylation increase is associated with less developed limb organ primordia that strive towards differentiation in vitro, which is of importance for regenerative medicine strategies.
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