A metamodeling of complex calculation procedures (static systems) is investigated with the aim to create low-complexity surrogate models that are applicable in low-computing-power real-time (RT) ...measurement systems. Unlike the single-parameter error criteria and minimum description length measure, the proposed compound-squared-relative-error measure forces the group method of data handling (GMDH) algorithm to prefer the models having the smallest compound deviation of accuracy and execution time from the given thresholds and thus generally leads to more favorable models with respect to both conditions. Approximation errors, execution speed, and the applicability of the derived GMDH models in RT flow-rate measurements of natural gas are discussed and compared with the corresponding models derived by artificial neural network and support vector regression.
Urban gravitational zones (UGZ) are related to cities' functions and population size. In strategic regional territorial planning adequate tools and detailed data are rarely used. This issue is not ...foreign to Croatia and other countries. How should the UGZ be accurately delineated for each city? A combination of Huff's model and GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis (GIS-MCDA) was used to delineate UGZ. In total, 95 criteria grouped into ten functions were used. The research resulted in a new methodological framework for deriving the urban hierarchy model, a tool that allows automation and simplification of the GIS-MCDA, and an urban hierarchy model of 20 major cities in Croatia.
The dispersion of platinum (Pt) on metal oxide supports is important for catalytic and gas sensing applications. In this work, we used mechanochemical dispersion and compatible Fe(II) acetate, Sn(II) ...acetate and Pt(II) acetylacetonate powders to better disperse Pt in Fe2O3 and SnO2. The dispersion of platinum in SnO2 is significantly different from the dispersion of Pt over Fe2O3. Electron microscopy has shown that the elements Sn, O and Pt are homogeneously dispersed in α-SnO2 (cassiterite), indicating the formation of a (Pt,Sn)O2 solid solution. In contrast, platinum is dispersed in α-Fe2O3 (hematite) mainly in the form of isolated Pt nanoparticles despite the oxidative conditions during annealing. The size of the dispersed Pt nanoparticles over α-Fe2O3 can be controlled by changing the experimental conditions and is set to 2.2, 1.2 and 0.8 nm. The rather different Pt dispersion in α-SnO2 and α-Fe2O3 is due to the fact that Pt4+ can be stabilized in the α-SnO2 structure by replacing Sn4+ with Pt4+ in the crystal lattice, while the substitution of Fe3+ with Pt4+ is unfavorable and Pt4+ is mainly expelled from the lattice at the surface of α-Fe2O3 to form isolated platinum nanoparticles.
A numerical procedure for the computation of a natural gas molar heat capacity, the isentropic exponent, and the Joule–Thomson coefficient has been derived using fundamental thermodynamic equations, ...DIPPR AIChE generic ideal heat capacity equations, and AGA-8 extended virial-type equations of state. The procedure is implemented using the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) approach. The results calculated are compared with the corresponding measurement data. The flow-rate through the orifice plate with corner taps is simulated and the corresponding error due to adiabatic expansion is calculated. The results are graphically illustrated and discussed.
Population aging, as well as general depopulation, represents the most important demographic process in the Republic of Croatia, which is characterized by a high degree of aging. The results of this ...research show that the aging process is present at a large scale in Croatia, though there are differences in the values of various indicators of population aging in relation to regional differences. The aim of this research was to identify settlements which were demographically revitalized, demographically old or demographically depressed areas among 6,606 Croatian settlements. The analysis was made by utilizing 11 variables for 6,606 settlements (while ignoring those settlements which had no population at all): three variables related to total population change (growth rate, migration and natural change in the last intercensal period 2001–2011); seven vari ables related to demographic aging based on the results of 2011 census (mean age, the percentage of population aged 0–14, the percentage of population aged 65 or over, the percentage of population aged 75 or over, the percentage of population aged 80 or over, aging index, old age dependency ratio) and the demographic corrective variable related to the population of settlements in 2011. All these variables were compared to the mean values at the level of the Republic of Croatia in order to generate the model of demograp hically depressed areas (iddp): extremely depressed areas, weakly depressed areas, areas of the impending demographic depression, non-depressed areas and extremely non-de pressed areas. Additionally, the use of GIS tools allowed the analysis of distance betwe en demographically old settlements and healthcare centres, which provided information about whether those settlements were isolated or not according to the given standard of distance. The results show that a relatively better demographic situation is present in continental areas and coastal areas near larger cities. Most settlements in those areas be long to the non-depressed group or the group of the impending depression. Demographic situation is especially unfavourable in Karlovac County, Sisak-Moslavina County and the interior of Dalmatia and Istria. In other words, there are 3,300 settlements in Croatia characterized by demographic depression, which is equal to 50% of the total number of settlements. Those settlements take up 50% of Croatia’s total area and 8% of its total po pulation (324,000). All these settlements have rural characteristics, they are poorly po pulated and spatially isolated. As much as three-quarters of those settlements are outside of their respective healthcare centres within 15-kilometre range. Additionally, nearly three-quarters of those settlements are characterized by the latest stage of demographic aging (most advanced demographic age). In many of those settlements, age pyramids have been inverted due to a significant reduction in their population as well as a high degree of aging. Those settlements can no longer (bio) dynamically regenerate. Those areas can no longer be revitalized by means of immigration either. Instead, it is necessary for the state to engage in providing (long-term) social and health care, not merely in its own institutions, but in people’s homes as well, in order to ameliorate the effects of de mographic aging and depopulation and to provide the elderly population with quality and dignity in their old age.
User-defined parameters (point density, interpolation, and pixel size) have a great influence on the accuracy of digital terrain model (DTM). Therefore, the optimal interpolation method (IM) and ...appropriate pixel size should be used to create a continuous surface. Pixel size or spatial resolution tends to be a compromise between the number of samples and the size of the study area, whereby input dataset is often devaluated. In this paper, the authors propose a new methodological approach to DTM production (hybrid DTM—HDTM) from an aero-photogrammetry dataset. Two different approaches to DTM production are presented: the usual (
U
DTM
) and the hybrid
(H
DTM
).
H
DTM
is based on restructuring and refining the input dataset by generating contour lines, determining the optimal interpolation method and selecting the appropriate spatial resolution. The goal is to develop a qualitative DTM while minimalizing the devaluation of input data and error propagation. The accuracy of different IMs for
U
DTM
was examined in a comparative analysis of six statistical parameters by applying cross-validation, with the focus on the root mean square error (RMSE) parameter. Four different methods of selecting optimal spatial resolution were tested for the same model. The
U
DTM
and
H
DTM
generated were compared by interior, exterior, and visual accuracy assessment and by the performance success of specific hydrological parameters: (1) flow accumulation—by applying a developed DNA concept and (2) watershed—by calculating volume and 3D surface. The reference value for exterior accuracy assessment was high-resolution airborne LiDAR DTM (
L
DTM
). It was found that ordinary kriging (OK) was the best IM (RMSE, 1.9893 m). The spatial resolution of
U
DTM
was calculated by combining two variants of the point pattern analysis method and was found to be 19 m. On the other hand, the complexity of terrain method was used to define the spatial resolution of
H
DTM
(3 m).
H
DTM
achieved better results than
U
DTM
in all aspects of accuracy assessment. The exterior accuracy of
H
DTM
was better by 1.483 m (RMSE). Finally, the results of the applied DNA concept showed that a stream generated from
H
DTM
had a 2.587 m lower horizontal root mean square error (HRMSE) than the stream generated from
U
DTM
.
Šume primorskih četinjača, sa svojom ekološkom, ekonomskom, estetskom i društvenom funkcijom, predstavljaju važan dio europskih šumskih zajednica. Osnovni cilj ovoga rada je usporediti najkorištenije ...GEOBIA (engl.
Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis
) klasifikacijske algoritme (engl.
Random Trees – RT, Maximum Likelihood – ML, Support Vector Machine – SVM
) s ciljem izdvajanja šuma primorskih četinjača na visoko-rezolucijskom
WorldView-3
snimku unutar topografskog slijevnog područja naselja Split. Metodološki okvir istraživanja uključuje (1) izvođenje izoštrenog multispektralnog snimka (
WV-3MS
-a)
;
(2)
testiranje segmentacijskih korisničko-definiranih parametara; (3) dodavanje testnih uzoraka; (4) klasifikaciju segmentiranog modela; (5) procjenu točnosti klasifikacijskih algoritama, te (6) procjenu točnosti završnog modela. RT se prema korištenim pokazateljima (
correctness – COR
,
completeness – COM
i
overall quality – OQ
) pokazao kao najbolji algoritam. Iterativno postavljanje segmentacijskih parametara omogućilo je detekciju najprikladnijih vrijednosti za generiranje segmentacijskog modela. Utvrđeno je da sjene mogu uzrokovati značajne probleme ako se klasificiranje vrši na visoko-rezolucijskim snimkama. Modificiranim
Cohen’s kappa coefficient
(K) pokazateljem izračunata je točnost konačnog modela od 87,38%.
WV-3MS
se može smatrati kvalitetnim podatkom za detekciju šuma primorskih četinjača primjenom GEOBIA metode.
With their ecological, economic, aesthetic, and social function, coniferous forests represent an important part of European forest communities. The main objective of this paper is to compare the most used GEOBIA (Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis) classification algorithms (Random Trees - RT, Maximum Likelihood - ML, Support Vector Machine - SVM) for the purposes of the coastal coniferous forest detection on a high-resolution WorldView-3 (WV-3) imagery on the topographic basin of the Split settlement (Figure 1). The methodological framework (Figure 2) includes: (1)
derivation of a sharpened multispectral image (WV-3MS) (Figure 3); (2) testing of the user-defined parameters in segmentation process (Figure 4); (3) marking of test samples (signatures); (4) classification of a segmented model; (5) accuracy assessment of the classification algorithms, and (6) accuracy assessment of the final model. The developed ACP tool (Automated Classification Process) (Supplement figure 5) for speeding up the entire classification process, enabled the simultaneous generation of output results for three selected classification algorithms (RT, ML and SVM) (Figure 6). Metric indicators (correctness - COR, completeness - COM, and overall quality - OQ) have shown that RT is the most accurate classification algorithm for the coastal coniferous forest detection (Table 1; Figure 7). The iterative setting of segmentation parameters enabled the detection of the most optimal values for generating a segmentation model. It is found that shadows can cause significant problems if classification is done on high-resolution images (Figure 8). The solution may be to collect a larger number of samples in different areas for the purpose of more detailed class differentiation. The modified Cohen’s kappa coefficient (K) indicator shown the accuracy of the final model of 87.38% (Table 2; Figure 9). WV-3MS can be considered as very good data for the detection of coniferous forests using the GEOBIA method (Figure 10). According to this research, 31.36% of the Split topographic basin is covered by highly and extremely flammable vegetation.
Housing satisfaction is one of the indicators of the quality of life. It affects all aspects of life dimensions, from physical, economic, social and psychological well-being. Because of its ...complexity, housing is considered an interdisciplinary research area. Different professions apply different approaches, concepts, models and measures in exploring housing satisfaction. For housing research to be comprehensive, it is necessary to formulate a theoretical framework first. In a large number of scientific papers, researches and projects, housing theories are often partially explained. For this reason, and based on a review of the latest literature, this paper provides a synthesis and overview of the following theories of housing quality satisfaction: the theory of housing satisfaction on which the model of housing satisfaction is based, starts with subjective perceptions, the theory of housing adjustment as the most frequently cited theory in the study of housing quality satisfaction; the housing mobility theory, which places particular emphasis on the housing environment as an important predictor of housing quality satisfaction; the theory on impression formation which is used in examining impressions of the physical aspects of the housing environment and the physical structure of buildings / houses; behavioural theory as the most commonly used theory in geographic study of housing satisfaction; the theory of the hedonistic ergometer as the most well-known theory of affective experiences; the theory of the aspiration spiral that anticipates adaptation effects; the housing price theory that combines housing satisfaction with costs; a functionalist theory that is oriented towards social harmony; the Marxist theory that every living being has the right to adequate housing regardless of economic status and the positivist housing theory which gives precedence to the objective approach. The purpose of this overview is to eatsblish a more comprehensive image in the study of housing satisfaction at all spatial levels (from micro to macro). The concept of housing satisfaction and a critical review of the aforementioned theories, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, are explained and presented in this paper.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Over the past three decades, Croatia has been experiencing a process of depopulation and population aging. This is the result of demographic changes in the past, especially in the second half of the ...20th century. In this paper, the index of demographic-depressed areas (iddp) for the settlements of Croatia was derived using GIS multicriteria analysis (GIS-MCDA). An iddp was derived for all Croatian counties (21) and detailed analysis of demographic-depressed and vital areas was conducted for the settlements of Međimurje County (131). This is recognised as the county with the highest achieved level of socio-economic development. A new methodological framework for deriving an iddp based on eight selected demographic variables has been proposed. The iddp was derived with GIS based on eight selected criteria using data from 2011 census results. The degree of demographic depression was divided into five classes: (A) distinctly depressed area, (B) less depressed area, (C) area at the edge of demographic depression, (D) vital area, and (E) distinctly vital area. The accuracy of the derived index was verified by analysing age-sex pyramids of the most depressed and vital settlements. The distinctly depressed demographic (A) is the predominant form of demographic settlement development in the six counties. These are areas that have been affected by rural exodus and depopulation, both of which were further intensified by the war from 1991 to 1995. Međimurje County was categorised as a (D) vital area. However, of the 131 settlements in the county, 28 were identified as demographic-depressed and 72 as vital. More than half of these 72 settlements (42) have the characteristics of a distinctly vital area, which is the highest proportion among all counties. The most vital settlements were Parag, Kuršanec, and Piškorovec. Their main feature is that a significant proportion of their population belongs to the Roma demographic. Derived population pyramids confirm the consistency of the generated index. Međimurje County is characterised by high variability among results (from extremely depressed to extremely non-depressed spaces), which indicates the impossibility of adopting uniform measures and policies throughout the county. In the future, the identified vital settlements have the potential to become the county's primary demographic resource. The proposed classification of settlements according to the derived index (iddp) could serve as a useful instrument in designing development policies or measures for this specific administrative-territorial unit.
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