The question of legal capacity has not always had an equal treatment in all periods of the development of human society. In modern law, relying on the fundamental human rights and freedoms, it is ...considered that everyone acquires legal capacity at birth and that all people are equal at birth, regardless of their gender and race. However, the question of legal capacity had quite a different treatment in different societies in different historical periods. For instance, in the slave-holding society, a number of factors had an influence on defining one's legal capacity. Thus, in Roman slave-holding society, it was very important whether a person was born as a free citizen or a slave, and whether a person was born as a Roman citizen (cives), a Latin or a Peregrinus. In addition, it was important whether a person was given the status sui iuris or alieni iuris at birth. In Roman law, the issue of one's legal and contractual capacity largely depended on the person's social status, i.e whether he was legally recognized as a citizen, a freeman, or through his/her family status. In this paper, special attention will be paid to the issue of legal capacity of natural persons within the family status (status familiae).
Objectives
As there are no previous studies of the European wild‐garlic (Allium ursinum) effects on the gastrointestinal system, despite its traditional applications in gastrointestinal disorders' ...treatment and regular use in the human diet, we have quantified and compared spasmolytic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of its different leaf extracts.
Methods
Wild‐garlic extracts were tested for spasmolytic activity on isolated rat ileum, antimicrobial activity on selected Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria and fungi by microdilution method and antioxidant capacity by DPPH radical‐scavenging assay.
Key findings
Wild‐garlic extracts were found to decrease ileal basal tone. As the relaxation of K+‐induced contractions was similar to one caused by papaverin, the observed spasmolytic effect was most likely mediated through Ca2+‐channel inhibition. Ethanolic extract (with the highest phenolic and high alk(en)yl cysteine sulphoxides’ levels) produced the strongest spasmolytic activity. In case of acetylcholine‐induced contractions, only hydromethanolic extract showed no statistical difference in comparison with positive control. All samples exhibited certain antioxidant potential and strong antimicrobial activity against tested enteropathogenic strains (Salmonella enteritidis was the most sensitive, followed by Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Enterococcus faecalis).
Conclusion
Besides other already established health‐promoting effects, wild garlic could be useful in treatment of mild gastrointestinal disturbances.
INTRODUCTION: Communication in nursing practice represents one of the basic skill during healthcare services. With continuity, showing concern and interest for the patient, a thrustworthy ...relationship is built, which contributes to better cooperation and to a more positive outcome of the whole treatment. During the preoperational preparations, nurse is conducting an informational and theraperutical communication through all the phases of healthcare and treatment. In everyday nursing, communication takes place in many relationships. Besides the successfull communication with the patient, a good cooperation between all the members of the health team is indispensable and equally important. AIM: To examine the communication efficency of members in the health team with the patient in preoperative preparation. Materials & methods: The study included 55 operated patients who underwent all elements of preoperative preparation. A questionnaire, specially created for this purpose, was used as a data collection instrument. The survey was conducted anonymously, and each respondent signed a voluntary informed consent. RESULTS: Most patients are very satisfied with all the information they have received on the disease, care, treatment and planned interventions. More than half of the patients felt that there were no aggravating factors in communication with the medical staff, while 1/5 of the respondents felt that the medical staff did not have enough time to communicate with the patients. The patient rating for communication with physicians was 4.87 and for communication with nurses 4.82. CONCLUSION: Communication between health team members and patients while preparing for surgery is of high quality and contributes to good collaboration, greater satisfaction and a more positive outcome.
Immunotherapy has been successful in treating advanced melanoma, but a large proportion of patients do not respond to the treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Preclinical and small ...cohort studies suggest gastrointestinal microbiome composition and exosomal mRNA expression of PD-L1 and IFNγ from the primary tumor, stool and body fluids as potential biomarkers for response.
Patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors as a first line treatment for metastatic melanoma are recruted to this prospective study. Stool samples are submitted before the start of treatment, at the 12th (+/-2) week and 28th (+/-2) week, and at the occurrence of event (suspected disease progression/hyperprogression, immune-related adverse event (irAE), deterioration). Peripheral venous blood samples are taken additionally at the same time points for cytologic and molecular tests. Histological material from the tumor tissue is obtained before the start of immunotherapy treatment. Primary objectives are to determine whether the human gastrointestinal microbiome (bacterial and viral) and the exosomal mRNA expression of PD-L1 and IFNγ and its dynamics predicts the response to treatment with PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors and its association with the occurrence of irAE. The response is evaluated radiologically with imaging methods in accordance with the irRECIST criteria.
This is the first study to combine and investigate multiple potential predictive and prognostic biomarkers and their dynamics in first line ICI in metastatic melanoma patients.
Background/Aim. The fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller, Apiaceae) has a long history of use as traditional herb medicine due to its carminative properties. The study was aimed to investigate the ...effects of aqueous and methanol fennel stem extracts on intestinal activity. Methods. Relaxant activity of aqueous and methanol fennel stem extracts was evaluated in vitro in three experimental models: spontaneous contraction, acetylcholine and potassium chloride (KCl)-induced contraction of an isolated rat ileum. The composition of aqueous and methanol fennel stem extracts was qualitatively analyzed using the high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis. Results. In the presence of an aqueous fennel stem extract at a concentration of 3 mg/mL, the inhibition of the spontaneous contractions of isolated rat ileum was 35.05% ? 3.57%. In presence of a methanol fennel stem extract at the same concentration, the maximum reduction of the spontaneous contractions was 48.91% ? 6.31%. The extracts in a concentration- dependent manner significantly inhibited the acetylcholine and KCl induced contractions of the isolated rat ileum (p < 0.01). The following components were identified in fennel methanol stem extract: 3-caffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-caffeoylquinic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, rutin, miquelianin, quercetin heterosides, 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 1,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, apigenin and rosmarinic acid. In an aqueous extract, their presence is found in trace amounts. Conclusion. The results of this study showed that the aqueous and methanol fennel stem extracts have spasmolytic effects on the intestinal smooth muscle and may be used for the control of intestinal motility.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The question of legal capacity has not always had an equal treatment in all periods of the development of human society. In modern law, relying on the fundamental human rights and freedoms, it is ...considered that everyone acquires legal capacity at birth and that all people are equal at birth, regardless of their gender and race. However, the question of legal capacity had quite a different treatment in different societies in different historical periods. For instance, in the slave-holding society, a number of factors had an influence on defining one’s legal capacity. Thus, in Roman slave-holding society, it was very important whether a person was born as a free citizen or a slave, and whether a person was born as a Roman citizen (cives), a Latin or a Peregrinus. In addition, it was important whether a person was given the status sui iuris or alieni iuris at birth. In Roman law, the issue of one’s legal and contractual capacity largely depended on the person’s social status, i.e whether he was legally recognized as a citizen, a freeman, or through his/her family status. In this paper, special attention will be paid to the issue of legal capacity of natural persons within the family status (status familiae).
Roman law strictly underlined the principle of intuitu personae in contractual obligations. When it comes to civil liability for delicts, the rule was that no one was to be held liable for the damage ...he did not cause directly or indirectly. However, when frequent warfares resulted in the accumulation of loot, which led to the emergence of private property, there was an increasing need for the liberation from the influence of the pater familias. At the same time, the development of trade required participation in legal transactions and the liberation from strict formalism by introducing traditio as an informal way of acquiring property. The new circumstances required to narrow the scope of the legal capacity of the pater familias, in favor of alieni iuris and slaves, in order to enable them to participate in legal and economic transactions, according to the orders of the pater familias.
Although a step forward in trade liberalization, these changes generated some legal uncertainty, due to the restraints imposed by third parties regarding legal transactions, and considering that alieni iuris and slaves did not have their own assets. These legal transactions represented the obligationes naturalles, which did not enjoy judicial protection. The adoption of the edict which introduced new actions (actiones adiecticiae qualitatis) extended the scope of responsibility of the pater familias for damage caused by actions of another, thus providing additional opportunities for third parties to seek legal protection by judicial means. By instituting this extended liability, the pater familias was obliged to compensate the damage caused by a person alieni iuris or slave from his household to a third party, or to hand over the delinquent to mancipium in order to compensate the loss in the plaintiff’s property, which ultimately corresponded to the need to adapt the legal solutions to the new trading circumstances, while preserving legal security.
The liability of the shipper in Roman law begins to be discussed with the development of maritime trade and following legal regulations. The development of navigation with the Romans came after the ...conquest of Carthage (146 BC), and this development lasted until the passing of Justinian’s compilation (527 BC). In this long period of time, the issue of the shipper’s liability did not always have the same legal treatment. Namely, bearing in mind all the social and economic circumstances in which maritime navigation has developed, the shipper’s liability was based on different legal principles. Thus, during the late republic, it represented a deviation from the principle of alteri stipulari nemo potest; in the classical period, it was based on the exclusive voluntas of the shipper, which was reflected in the appointment of the captain of the ship, while in the post-classical period of the development of the Roman law, this type of responsibility was based on the principles of safety and protection of the interests of passengers and goods in maritime transport, which is understandable given the social circumstances of this period (uncertainty of navigation by sea due to the recurrence of pirates). For this reason, this issue will be addressed through appropriate time frames (the late republican period, classical and post-classical law), so the creation and development of the institute of the shipper's liability would be easy to monitor and understand.
PDF
