The comparison of fly ash generated from lignite combustion in a thermal power plant Kolubara A (Veliki Crljeni) and bottom and fly ash from coal waste combustion in a semi-industrial fluidized bed ...boiler (Vinča) was performed as the function of particle size. The average total concentrations of the 16 EPA priority PAHs in ash fractions are 0.49 mg kg−1 of ash (thermal power plant) and 17.48 mg kg−1 of ash (fluidized bed boiler). The sum of 3- and 4-ring PAHs accounts for more than 93% of overall PAHs concentration, and the most abundant among them is fluoranthene.
The portions of PAHs groups defined based on their physico-chemical properties, as obtained from quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models included in the Vega platform, were determined. These portions, emission factors, and benzoapyrene equivalence concentrations were further on used to estimate the potential environmental impact of ash disposal. The PAHs emission factors are higher compared to values in the air pollutant emission inventory guidebook of the cooperative program for monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe (EMEP/EEA). The overall emission factors of 16 PAHs for combustion of lignite and coal waste are determined to be 0.15 and 249.97 mg kg−1 of fuel, respectively. Based on the ratios of benzoapyrene equivalence concentrations of each ash and correspondent fuel, the disposal of fly ash from the cyclone of fluidized bed boiler represents the highest risk to the environment among tested ashes.
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•Coal ashes from the fluidized bed and thermal power plant differ in PAHs content.•3- and 4-ring PAHs accounts for more than 93% of ∑PAHs; Fla is the most abundant.•Environmental risks of coal and coal waste ashes from the same basin are estimated.•BaPeq of CFB above the safe limit implicates the highest environmental risk.•Emission factors of PAHs in FBB are much higher than in TPP.
Environmental risk of PAHs in ashes generated by the combustion of coal in a thermal power plant and coal waste from the same basin in a semi-industrial fluidized bed boiler is estimated.
Abstract As Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology develops and more AI systems are put on the market, concern about the implications of such AI systems on humans is growing. A particular area of ...concern is the impact of AI systems on intellectual property rights (IPRs) as infringement might occur in relation to the use of AI systems. IPR infringements can be committed by training an AI system, as well as by using or when operating an AI system. This raises the question of liability for such IPR infringements. This research covers situations where IPR infringements are committed by training an AI system, as well as those where infringements are committed by using or operating an AI system. One hypothetical situation of an AI system created solely for the purpose of infringing IPRs is investigated, but also includes situations where otherwise legitimate AI systems are misused in criminal activities as tools for the production and sale of infringing goods. These areas are analysed in relation to the proposed AI Liability Directive and other relevant European Union legislation to identify what rules would be applicable to liability for damage in such cases. The research also considers the recently enacted AI Act. In instances where the damage is caused by AI-enabled products and services, the study shows how the ‘rebuttable presumption of causality’ provided for under the AI Liability Directive could be applied.
With the entry into force of the new Patent Act (Official Gazette No. 16/2020), it is possible to protect a new form of intellectual property in the Republic of Croatia; the utility model. The aim of ...this paper is to investigate the characteristics of that institute, especially its scope of protection and in this regard to analyse the similarities and differences of the newly introduced institute in relation to similar industrial property rights that exist in comparative law. Furthermore, the paper will attempt to demonstrate the similarities and the differences between the protection of the utility model and the consensual patent that existed in the Republic of Croatia before the adoption of the new Act.
This research reveals the original medieval forms of the Convent of Poor Clares while contextualising the spatial interventions after the scandalous year 1433 that led to the urban transformation of ...the broader neighbourhood. The research methodology addressed historical visual sources analysed in the context of the information provided by archival documents, starting with the Ordo from 1433 and including all the City Councils’ deliberations until 1450. Linking these two sets of information resulted in the schematic and hypothetical visualisation of the disposition of the convent’s medieval buildings and the identification of all the changes in neighbouring public and private buildings and spaces implemented to achieve the perfect clausura inside the densely built urban fabric. Along with the prison sentence to be served inside this very convent, the nobility of the Republic of Dubrovnik ensured that the social values were preserved for the future.
Članak okuplja do sada poznate likovne i pisane izvore o krstionici dubrovačke romaničke katedrale, kojima se pridužuju neki novi – prvenstveno dokumentacija o njenome rušenju iz ranih 1830-ih ...godina, te na temelju njihove usporedne analize dopunjava dosadašnje znanje o njenome izgledu (posebice artikulacija interijera zgrade krstionice s plitkom, segmentnom, kupolom s rebrima). Predlaže se povezivanje dubrovačke krstionice ne samo s formalnim uzorima iz biskupskih središta Padske nizine (Parma), već i s općenitijim konceptom rituala uskršnjeg krštenja, razvijenog u talijanskim srednjovjekovnim komunama. Usporedbom izvora također se uspostavlja kronologija promjene funkcije građevine, od prvotnog naglaska na zvonik, preko posvjedočene krstioničke funkcije krajem XIV i početkom XV stoljeća, do preostale funkcije crkve za svakodnevno bogoslužje, nakon prenošenja obreda krštenja u samu katedralu.
Crtež dvojnog ljetnikovca Kaboga-Zec iz serije Diversa Cancellariae Državnog arhiva u Dubrovniku iz 1508. godine najraniji je sačuvani vizualni prikaz dubrovačke ladanjske arhitekture te donosi niz ...likovnih i tekstualnih podataka značajnih za razumijevanje njezina razvoja na prijelazu 15. i 16. stoljeća. Osim udvostručenog pročelja s gotičkom triforom i bočnim biforama, to se posebice odnosi na element ugaone lođe, poput lođa kakve se u simetričnom paru pojavljuju na pročeljima dvaju dubrovačkih ljetnikovaca kasnog 16. stoljeća (Sorgo-Natali i Mleci), dok je znatno ranija lođa ljetnikovca Kaboga-Zec oblikovno i funkcionalno donekle usporediva s bočnim “prohodnim” lođama ranoga 16. stoljeća. Srodnosti s objema vrstama lođa ukazuju na prijelazni oblik, odnosno na moguće najraniji primjer ugaone lođe u korpusu dubrovačke ladanjske arhitekture, a time i na lokalno podrijetlo ovoga arhitektonskog motiva.
The latest title in the Central European Medieval Texts
series contains the lives of saints who were canonized in the
eleventh through thirteenth centuries in the newly Christianized
countries of ...Central and Eastern Europe (Bohemia, Poland, Hungary,
and Dalmatia). A rejoinder to the earlier volume in the series, the
Saints of the Christianization Age of Central Europe
(CEMT, Vol. 6), containing hermits, missionaries, and martyrs, this
second volume of hagiography is dominated by political or
ecclesiastical leaders who became saintly patrons of their region
and were highly venerated throughout the Middle Ages.
The legends in the volume present the two Hungarian holy kings
Stephen and Ladislas, the holy duke Emeric, the Czech holy abbot
Prokop of Sázava, three bishops, the Venetian-Hungarian Gellért of
Csanád, the Polish Stanislas of Cracow (both martyrs), and the
Dalmatian holy bishop Saint John of Trogir. Each "vita" is
published in Latin original with an English translation and with
prefaces discussing the textual tradition.
Saints' lives have been recognized as an invaluable source of
information on social and economic history, the history of
mentalities and everyday life, cultural history, and, above all, as
a special genre with crucial importance and prevalence in medieval
literature.
Lignite and coal waste used as feed fuels in thermal power plants (TPPs) and semi-industrial fluidized bed boiler (FBB), as well as their representative fly ashes (FAs), were examined. Fly ashes were ...compared employing anions and cations content in correspondent water extracts, trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations, as well as health risk assessments of substances known to be of concern for public health. Fluoride and sulfate contents in water extracted FAs are far below the legislation limits for waste, classifying all investigated FAs as non-hazardous. Among investigated trace elements, Cd content is the lowest, while Mn content is the highest. The highest enrichment ratios are noticed for As, Pb, Hg, Cu, V and Cr. The results indicate that total PAHs content is elevated in FA from the combustion of coal waste (AFB), with fluoranthene prevailing. The cancer risk of As and the non-cancer risk of As and Ni in some FAs surpass their respective permissible limits. The incremental lifetime cancer risk of an adult population indicates a potential PAHs risk in AFB, whereas all other fly ashes are within safe limits.
In order to achieve the main Applicable combustion control systems in grate-fired bogoals of sustainable development through the harmonization of rising energy needs with environmental protection, ...modern society promotes the use of biomass as a renewable energy source. Biomass, like any taother fuel, emits certain pollutants from combustion, nitrogen oxides (NOx) being one of them. Control of NOx emission, originated in biomass combustion, is becoming a very significant technical challenge due to the imposition of increasingly strict emission limits. The experimental research and industrial experiences (that are not always easily available) were analyzed in order to make an overview of proven and prospective technical solutions, as well as directions for practical applications for reducing NOx emissions originating from biomass combustion.
The denitrification techniques according to the broadest classification (pre-combustion, combustion control and post-combustion) have been analyzed. As the NOx emission is more strongly influenced by the nitrogen content of biomass fuels (especially of those with significant nitrogen content) rather than the operating conditions, the emphasis is placed on the post-combustion (secondary denitrification) measures and the most successful among them - selective catalytic (SCR) and non-catalytic reduction (SNCR). The SCR catalysts, as well as commonly used amine-based reagents (in both SCR and SNCR), are analyzed in accordance with various parameters (activity temperature domain, the location of installation and structural configuration). The special challenges for SCR and SNCR application were considered, and a comparative overview of advantages and disadvantages are given, in accordance with several different criteria. In addition, the applicability of deNOx techniques from the aspect of individual biomass combustion technology is given. Guidelines for the selection of denitrification measures are created, depending on the biomass combusted, combustion technology used, and the installation capacity.
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