This study was designed to evaluate a spray-dried multivalent polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP) against lactate-producing bacteria as an alternative to monensin (MON) to control ruminal ...acidification. Holstein cows (677 ± 98 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas were allocated in an incomplete Latin square design with two 20 days period. Cows were randomly assigned to control (CTL), PAP, or MON treatments. For each period, cows were fed a forage diet in the first 5 days (d-5 to d-1), composed of sugarcane, urea and a mineral supplement, followed by a 74% concentrate diet for 15 days (d 0 to d 14). There were no treatment main effects (
> 0.05) on dry matter intake (DMI) and microbial protein synthesis. However, there was a large peak (
< 0.01) of intake on d 0 (18.29 kg), followed by a large decline on d 1 (3.67 kg). From d2, DMI showed an increasing pattern (8.34 kg) and stabilized around d 8 (12.96 kg). Higher mean pH was measured (
< 0.01) in cattle-fed MON (6.06 vs. PA
= 5.89 and CTL = 5.91). The ruminal NH
-N concentration of CTL-fed cows was lower (
< 0.01) compared to those fed MON or PAP. The molar concentration of acetate and lactate was not affected (
> 0.23) by treatments, but feeding MON increased (
= 0.01) propionate during the first 4 days after the challenge. Feeding MON and PAP reduced (
= 0.01) the molar proportion of butyrate. MON was effective in controlling pH and improved ruminal fermentation of acidosis-induced cows. However, PAP was not effective in controlling acidosis. The acidosis induced by the challenge was caused by the accumulation of SCFAs. Therefore, the real conditions for evaluation of this feed additive were not reached in this experiment, since this PAP was proposed to work against lactate-producing bacteria.
The effect of a polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP) against Streptococcus bovis and Fusobacterium necrophorum on ruminal fermentation and digestion in ruminally cannulated cows was investigated in ...two 3 × 3 Latin squares in factorial arrangement of treatments 3 × 2 regarding two feed additives (PAP in powder (PAPP) and in liquid (PAPL) presentation) plus control (CON) and two managements of diets (with or without adaptation to highly fermentable carbohydrate diets). Adapted group had greater DMI (p < 0.0001) and DM (p < 0.0001), NDF (p = 0.03) and total carbohydrates (p < 0.0001) apparent digestibility when compared to non-adapted group. PAPL had greater DM (p = 0.02), NDF (p = 0.03) and total carbohydrates apparent digestibility when compared to PAPP or CON. Adapted animals had lower (p < 0.0001) rumen pH when compared to non-adapted animals. Moreover, PAPL group had greater (p = 0.04) rumen pH values when compared to PAPP and CON. PAPL showed potential effect as an additive by increasing apparent digestibility of DM, NDF and total carbohydrates and also for being more efficient to prevent the drop in rumen pH during the peak of fermentation.
ABSTRACTObjective. To evaluate the effect of three energy sources on the intake, total apparent digestibility and excretion of nutrients in cattle diet. Materials and methods. Six ruminally ...cannulated cows (730 ± 70 kg) were distributed into three treatments in a replicated 3x3 Latin square experimental design, where: (I) Control: Low ether extract diet (3.50% EE); (II) Soybean: High ether extract diet (5.30% EE) with inclusion of 15% soybean and (III) Citrus pulp: Low ether extract diet (3.00% EE) and high pectin involvement with inclusion of 15% citrus pulp. To determine the digestibility of DM and its fractions, chromic oxide was used as a marker. Nutrient excretion was calculated from the digestibility coefficient of each fraction. Results. The soybean treatment reduced (p<0.05) dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen-free extract and organic matter intake and increased ether extract intake. There was no effect (p>0.05) of the energy source on the digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, NDF, EE, NFE or OM. The TDN value was higher for the soybean treatment. The excretion of DM, NFE and OM was lower (p<0.05) for the soybean treatment. All energy sources influenced the excretion of crude protein. Conclusions. The energy sources used did not affect the digestibility of the diets and are indicated as high potential sources to be used in cattle.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of a spray-dried polyclonal antibody preparation against specific ruminal bacteria on rumen fermentation parameters as well as ...protozoa counts, in situ degradability of sugarcane neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and total tract apparent digestibility of total diet in cows fed high concentrate diets. Eight ruminally-cannulated cows were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with four experimental periods of 21 days. The treatments were: T1 (control), 0.0 g/d of multivalent polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP-MV); T2, 1.5 g/d of PAP-MV; T3, 3.0 g/d of PAP-MV; T4, 4.5 g/d of PAP-MV. Sample collection for rumen fermentation parameters was carried out the last day of each period at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h after morning meal. For protozoa counts, samples were collected the last day of each period at 0 and 4 h after feeding. In situ degradability of sugarcane NDF was performed the last 5 days of each period, while total tract apparent digestibility of total diet was assessed the last 10 days of each period. Regardless of sampling time, there was no linear or quadratic effect on rumen pH, total concentration of short chain fatty acids, molar proportion of acetate, propionate and butyrate, ammonia nitrogen (NH
3
-N) or lactate. No treatment effects were detected for protozoa counts, in situ degradability of sugarcane NDF and total tract apparent digestibility of total diet. In conclusion, different levels of spray-dried PAP-MV were not sufficient to alter rumen environment.
Objective. To evaluate the effect of three energy sources on the intake, total apparent digestibility and excretion of nutrients in cattle diet. Materials and methods. Six ruminally cannulated cows ...(730 ± 70 kg) were distributed into three treatments in a replicated 3x3 Latin square experimental design, where: (I) Control: Low ether extract diet (3.50% EE); (II) Soybean: High ether extract diet (5.30% EE) with inclusion of 15% soybean and (III) Citrus pulp: Low ether extract diet (3.00% EE) and high pectin involvement with inclusion of 15% citrus pulp. To determine the digestibility of DM and its fractions, chromic oxide was used as a marker. Nutrient excretion was calculated from the digestibility coefficient of each fraction. Results. The soybean treatment reduced (p<0.05) dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen-free extract and organic matter intake and increased ether extract intake. There was no effect (p>0.05) of the energy source on the digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, NDF, EE, NFE or OM. The TDN value was higher for the soybean treatment. The excretion of DM, NFE and OM was lower (p<0.05) for the soybean treatment. All energy sources influenced the excretion of crude protein. Conclusions. The energy sources used did not affect the digestibility of the diets and are indicated as high potential sources to be used in cattle.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objective. To evaluate the effect of three energy sources on the intake, total apparent digestibility and excretion of nutrients in cattle diet. Materials and methods. Six ruminally cannulated cows ...(730 + or - 70 kg) were distributed into three treatments in a replicated 3x3 Latin square experimental design, where: (I) Control: Low ether extract diet (3.50% EE); (II) Soybean: High ether extract diet (5.30% EE) with inclusion of 15% soybean and (III) Citrus pulp: Low ether extract diet (3.00% EE) and high pectin involvement with inclusion of 15% citrus pulp. To determine the digestibility of DM and its fractions, chromic oxide was used as a marker. Nutrient excretion was calculated from the digestibility coefficient of each fraction. Results. The soybean treatment reduced (p<0.05) dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen-free extract and organic matter intake and increased ether extract intake. There was no effect (p>0.05) of the energy source on the digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, NDF, EE, NFE or OM. The TDN value was higher for the soybean treatment. The excretion of DM, NFE and OM was lower (p<0.05) for the soybean treatment. All energy sources influenced the excretion of crude protein. Conclusions. The energy sources used did not affect the digestibility of the diets and are indicated as high potential sources to be used in cattle. Key words: Food consumption, Digestibility, Nutrients, Citrus pulp, Ruminants (Source: USDA). Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de tres fuentes energeticas sobre el consumo, la digestibilidad aparente total y la excrecion de nutrientes de la dieta en bovinos. Materiales y metodos. Seis vacas (730+ or -70 kg) canuladas en rumen fueron distribuidas en tres tratamientos, en un diseno experimental cuadrado latino 3x3 replicado, a saber: (I) Control: Dieta de bajo extracto etereo (3.50% de EE); (II) Soya: Dieta de alto extracto etereo (5.30% de EE) con inclusion de 15% de grano de soya y (III) Pulpa Citrica: Dieta de bajo extracto etereo (3.00% de EE) y alta participacion de pectina con inclusion de 15% de pulpa citrica. Para determinar la digestibilidad de la MS y sus fracciones, fue utilizado el marcador de oxido de cromo. La excrecion de nutrientes, fue calculada a partir de los coeficientes de digestibilidad de cada fraccion. Resultados. El tratamiento con soya redujo (p<0.05) el consumo de materia seca, proteina bruta, extracto no nitrogenado y materia organica, de igual manera, incremento el consumo de extracto etereo. No no se observo efecto (p>0.05) de fuente energetica para los coeficientes de digestibilidad de la MS, PB, FDN, EE, ENN y MO. El valor de NDT fue mayor para el tratamiento con soya. La excrecion de MS, ENN y MO fue menor (p<0.05) para el tratamiento con soya. Todas las fuentes energeticas influyeron en la excrecion de proteina bruta. Conclusiones. Las fuentes energeticas utilizadas, no afectaron la digestibilidad de las dietas, y estan indicadas como fuentes de elevado potencial en la alimentacion de bovinos. Palabras clave: Consumo de alimento, digestibilidad, nutrientes, pulpa citrica, rumiantes (Fuente: USDA).
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The Majorana Collaboration is operating an array of high purity Ge detectors to search for neutrinoless double-β decay in 76Ge. The Majorana Demonstrator comprises 44.1 kg of Ge detectors (29.7 kg ...enriched in 76Ge) split between two modules contained in a low background shield at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota. In this paper, we present results from data taken during construction, commissioning, and the start of full operations. We achieve unprecedented energy resolution of 2.5 keV FWHM at Qββ and a very low background with no observed candidate events in 9.95 kg yr of enriched Ge exposure, resulting in a lower limit on the half-life of 1.9 × 1025 yr (90% C.L.). This result constrains the effective Majorana neutrino mass to below 240-520 meV, depending on the matrix elements used. In our experimental configuration with the lowest background, the background is 4.0$+3.1\atop{-2.5}$ counts/(FWHM t yr).
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Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) received more attention with the emergence of nanotechnology with the aim and promise of becoming innovative drug delivery systems. They have been ...fulfilling this objective with excellence and nowadays they play a central role in biomedical applications. New SNPs application routes are being explored such as the epidermal, dermal, and transdermal routes. With that, novel models of synthesis, functionalization, and applications constantly appear. However, it is essential that such innovations are accompanied by in-depth studies on permeation, biodistribution, metabolization, and elimination of the generated by-products. Such studies are still incipient, if not rare. This article reviews significant findings on SNPs and their skin interactions. An extensive literature review on SNPs synthesis and functionalization methodologies was performed, as well as on the skin characteristics, skin permeation mechanisms, and in vivo toxicity assessments. Furthermore, studies of the past 5 years on the main therapeutic and cosmetic products employing SNPs, with greater emphasis on in vivo and ex vivo studies were included.
Degenerative diseases, such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and accidents can cause hip problems and injuries leading to a necessary hip prosthetic replacement. Acetabular and femoral prosthesis ...parts, consisting of special alloys of steel and titanium, are fixed to the bones using orthopedic cement based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). With aim of improving implant material properties in terms of compatibility with the human body, were evaluated the bioactive responses of ISO 5832-9 steel and Ti6Al4V alloy coated with electrospun PMMA nanofibers. The electrospinning technique is widely used due to the possibility of easily producing fibers within nano or micrometric scale using a low cost, simple experimental apparatus that allows large-scale production. In this work the metallic substrates were submitted to surface pretreatments with sanding alone or in combination with acid etching. After deposition by electrospinning, the surfaces were characterized morphologically, chemically, and for roughness. PMMA fibers were obtained, with nanometric diameter, forming a uniform and homogeneous layer over both metal sample surfaces without appreciable differences in adhesion. The sanded surface, being a one-step process, was chosen for the next step. Fibroblasts were grown on the sample surfaces, for seven days, to determine biocompatibility. Electrospinning Induced Surface Activation (EISA) was used to incorporate hydroxyl radicals into the PMMA chain to produce hydroxylated PMMA, that was later redissolved and electrospun into nanofibers. Both samples (PMMA and PMMA-OH nanofibers) resulted in good cell adhesion properties. However, a denser cell monolayer was observed on the hydroxyl-terminated sample, indicating better cell-material interaction. Hydroxyl (OH) functionalized molecules can regulate cell behavior acting as a linker capable of reacting with proteins, thus accelerating cell growth, migration, differentiation, synthesis of extracellular matrix components, and tissue morphogenesis. By a simple two-step methodology it was possible to obtain electrospun hydroxyl functionalized bioactive PMMA nanofibers deposited on metallic implant samples with an increased cell response.
•One step metal surface modification is adequate to nanofibers deposition.•Homogenously distributed PMMA nanofibers were produced by direct electrospinning.•PMMA nanofiber presented distribution homogeneity and good adhesion.•Hydroxylated PMMA nanofibers improved cell adhesion and proliferation.
The 5-alpha-reductase enzyme, present in pilosebaceous units, plays a crucial role in the appearance of cutaneous hyperandrogenism manifestations (hirsutism, acne, and androgenetic alopecia). Its ...inhibition is an excellent strategy to reverse these conditions. Given the limitations of existing treatments, with transient effects and delayed therapeutic response, as well as the possibility of causing undesirable side effects, this study sought to develop new drug delivery systems to overcome these limitations. In other words, innovative stimuli-responsive hybrid nanoparticles were synthesized using silica/natural polysaccharides, encapsulating 5-alpha-reductase enzyme inhibitors derived from the plant Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville (commonly known as 'Barbatimão'). Silica core was synthesized by the modified Stöber method. The pH responsive polysaccharides used to coat the porous silica cores were chitosan, and sodium alginate, this coating was carried out using the Layer-by-Layer technique. The hybrid nanoparticles were characterized at molecular and physical-chemical levels. Furthermore, encapsulation efficiency, pH-dependent release behavior, and cytotoxicity were evaluated. Amorphous mesoporous structure with adequate size for follicular delivery (between 300 and 600 nm) in addition to effective phytocompound loading capacity, above 80 % was obtained. Based on the release studies, it was possible to observe pH responsiveness. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) obtained from "Barbatimão" bark extract was released in a controlled and more efficient manner by the alginate-coated nanoparticle (SNP_EAF_SA) at pH 7.4, which corresponds to the pH at the deepest area of hair follicles. Furthermore, SNP_EAF_SA proved to be less cytotoxic compared to EAF and chitosan-coated hybrid nanoparticles (SNP_EAF_CH). Characterization, release, and cytotoxicity results indicate that SNP_EAF_SA is a promising system for on-demand follicular delivery of antiandrogenic actives contained in EAF.
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