This study aimed to determine the impact of relocation as a potential stress factor on the reproductive properties of breeding boars, as well as the impact of the new environment on the quantity and ...quality of the semen obtained during different seasons. At the beginning of spring, 16 breeding boars (Large White (n=3), German Landrace (n=4), Swedish Landrace (n=6) and Pietrain (n=3)) were relocated from old to new housing conditions and exposed to loading, transport, unloading, and rehousing in a new environment. They had the same conditions of feeding, care, sexual exploitation and keeping, before and after relocation. The health status of all breeding boars was carefully monitored and controlled. No significant differences were observed in the total and average number of doses produced between seasons. There was a significantly higher value of total ejaculate volume and density during the spring compared to the values obtained in other seasons (P<0.01). Differences in the average percentage of mobility between autumn and winter were not significant (P=0.983), as in spring and summer (P=0.737). Ventilation rate, gas concentrations of ammonia, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide in the boar enclosure were similar before and after relocation. Two days after relocation, one boar (ID 172) showed signs of illness and was treated, but his sperm was rejected due to sperm agglutination and reduced motility, so he was culled. Individual analysis of the production indicators showed that there was no significant change in the spermatogenesis of healthy boars, even though they were relocated.
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary vibroactivated clinoptilolite supplementation on the intramammary microbiological findings in dairy cows, causative agents of potential ...intramammary infection, and their sensitivity to antibiotics. Cows (
= 78) were randomly divided into two groups: CPL-treated group that received clinoptilolite (CPL) in-feed (
= 38), i.e., 50 g natural powdered zeolite CPL, twice daily from the seventh month of pregnancy to 75 days after calving, and the control group (CON) of untreated cows (
= 40). Milk samples were taken from each cow on days 7, 25, 45, and 75 postpartum. The following causative pathogens were isolated in 86 udder quarters:
in 5.81% of positive samples,
spp. 9.32%, coagulase-negative
(CNS) 22.09%,
13.95%,
1.16%,
sp. 3.49%,
8.13%,
spp. 6.98%,
spp. 11.63%,
sp. 10.47%,
spp. 2.33%, and
,
sp.,
sp., and yeasts each in 1.16% of samples. Additionally, 3.87% of environmental microflora samples (
= 47) and 89.06% of udder samples (
= 1083) were bacteriologically negative. The most effective antibiotics were cefoperazone and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, while cloxacillin and tetracycline were the least effective antibiotics in both groups. In the clinoptilolite supplemented (CPL) group (
= 38) of 14 cows, nine causative agents of mastitis were isolated in 27 quarters, while in the control (CON) group (
= 40) of 24 cows, 13 causative agents of mastitis were isolated in 59 quarters. Cows from the CON group had a 1.96 times higher risk of intramammary infection than cows from the CPL group during the observation period (odds ratio = 1.96,
= 0.0031; 95% CI = 1.2570-3.0770).
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains expressing F4 and F18 fimbriae are the most common causative agents of post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) in pigs. The growing global restriction on the use ...of antibiotics in food animals has encouraged research into the development of nutritional and feeding strategies as well as vaccination against PWD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a live oral F4ac+ F18ac+ non-ETEC vaccine candidate (VAC) to stimulate gut and systemic cellular immunity in 4-week old pigs over 5 weeks following immunization. The onset and duration of protective immunity against on-farm occurring PWD, growth performance, diarrhoea scoring and mortality, as well as the phenotypic proportions of immune cells, were determined. Faecal and ileal samples were taken for determining the microbial composition or phenotyping of naïve/memory T cells. Also, the effect of prebiotic supplement mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) in the prevention of small intestinal colonization by ETEC, and its potential adjuvanticity in combination with the vaccine (VAC+MOS) were assessed. The pigs supplemented with MOS or that received VAC had significantly higher body weight (BW) (P<0.05) on Day 14, whereas the VAC+MOS treated pigs had significantly lower BW on Day 35. Treatment with VAC+MOS resulted in considerably reduced clinical PWD, in particular the incidence and severity of diarrhoea and mortality. The total bacterial load in the ileum was much lower in the pigs from all 3 principal groups (MOS, VAC, and VAC+MOS) than in the control (CON) group (19 x 107, 17 x 107 and 12 x 107 vs. 23 x 108 CFU/mL, respectively) on Day 35. The pigs from the principal groups had significantly higher proportions of tested immune cells (P<0.05) on Days 28 and 35. The localization and frequency of naive CD45RA+ and memory CD45RC+ T lymphocytes indicated their different distribution patterns within particular tissue structures, such as the villi, crypts, epithelium, lamina propria and areas (interfollicular follicular and Peyer’s patches) of ileal mucosa. This may indicate their different functions in intestinal immune responses to intraluminal microbes and their products, vaccinal immunogens and/or immunomodulators/adjuvants. To conclude, active mucosal immunity is needed to protect pigs against PWD. Hence, oral vaccination of pigs against both F4 and F18 ETEC, in combination with prebiotic supplementation represents a sustainable, practical and effective approach in PWD control.
In animal production, alternative strategies to the use of antibiotic growth promoters have stimulated research of dietary supplements to increase resistance, reduce post-weaning gut disorders and ...growth checks in pigs. This study was performed to determine the influence of dietary mannan oligosaccharide as a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in weaned pigs on: (1) proliferation of circulating and intestinal immune cell subsets, (2) incidence and severity of diarrhoea, and (3) performance during 35 days of trial. Forty-six pigs from a commercial farm were divided into two groups comprising 23 pigs each and treated at 4 weeks of age as follows: controls received standard weaner diet, whereas diet for principals was supplemented with 0.2% of mannan oligosaccharide. The pigs were monitored/sampled on daily, weekly or monthly basis for feed efficiency, growth rate, diarrhoea severity scores, blood samples, rectal swabs and intesinal samples for bacterial isolation/counts and immunohistology/histomorphometry analyses. The principals were heavier (
P
< 0.05) at 28 days and grew faster between days 7 and 28 compared to controls. Total diarrhoea score recorded in these pigs was decreased by 20.37%. Total bacterial load in jejunum was decreased in these pigs (23 × 10
7
vs. 19 × 10
8
colony forming units/ml) at day 35. Between days 28 and 35 or days 21 and 28, the principals increased in proportions of circulating CD45
+
, CD4
+
, CD21
+
, CD8
+
cells (
P
< 0.01), respectively. These pigs had increased (
P
< 0.05) the number of CD45RA
+
cells in interfollicular and follicular areas of ileal Payer’s patches at day 35. We concluded that dietary modulation with mannan oligosaccharide resulted in stimulation of immune responses and reduced number of gut microbiota, but not necessarily promoting the growth of pigs.
Enterotoksigeni sojevi bakterije Escherichia coli (ETEC), koji proizvode F4 i F18 fimbrije, najuobičajeniji su
uzročnici dijareje nakon odbića (DNO) u prasadi. Rastuće globalno ograničavanje uporabe ...antibiotika u farmskih
životinja usmjeruje istraživanja prema razvijanju nutritivnih i prehrambenih strategija, kao i prema cijepljenju protiv
DNO-a. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je vrednovanje učinkovitosti živog, oralnog F4ac+ F18ac+ ne-ETEC cjepiva-kandidata
(VAK) u poticanju crijevne i sistemske stanične imunosti u prasadi u dobi od 4 tjedna, tijekom 5 tjedana nakon
imunizacije. U pokusu su određivani početak i trajanje zaštitne imunosti od pojavnosti farmskog DNO-a, proizvodni
rezultati, ocjenjivanje učestalosti i jačine dijareje te mortalitet i fenotipski udjeli imunosnih stanica. Uzimani su uzorci
fecesa i ileuma za određivanje sastava mikrobiota ili za fenotipiziranje naivnih/memorijskih T-limfocita. Procijenjena
je i učinkovitost prebiotika manan-oligosaharida (MOS), kao dodatka hrani, koji bi mogao uspostaviti kompetitivnu
ekskluziju naseljavanja tankog crijeva sojevima ETEC, a mogao bi pokazati i adjuvantnost u testiranoj kombinaciji
(VAK + MOS). Prasad hranjena dodatkom MOS-a u hrani, ili koja je primila VAK, imala je znakovito povećanu (P
< 0,05) tjelesnu masu 14. dan pokusa, dok je prasad tretirana kombinacijom VAK-a i MOS-a imala znakovito nižu
tjelesnu masu 35. dan pokusa. Tretman kombinacijom VAK-a i MOS-a rezultirao je znatno blažom kliničkom slikom
DNO-a, napose u odnosu na pojavnost i jačinu dijareje te na mortalitet. Ukupno bakterijsko opterećenje u ileumu bilo
je mnogo niže u prasadi iz sve tri pokusne skupine (MOS, VAK i VAK + MOS) od onog u kontrolnoj (KON) skupini
(19 x 107, 17 x 107 i 12 x 107 prema 23 x 108 CFU/mL) 35. dan pokusa. Prasad iz pokusnih skupina imala je znakovito
veće udjele testiranih imunosnih stanica (P < 0,05) 28. i 35. dan pokusa. Lokalizacija i učestalost naivnih CD45RA+
te memorijskih CD45RC+ T-limfocita pokazuju njihove različite obrasce smještanja u posebne tkivne strukture, kao
što su crijevne resice, kripte, epitelij i lamina propria te područja u sluznici ileuma, što može specificirati njihove
različite funkcije u crijevnim imunosnim odgovorima na intraluminalne mikrobe i njihove proizvode, vakcinalne
imunogene i/ili imunomodulatore/adjuvanse. Zaključujemo da je radi zaštite prasadi od DNO-a nužno uspostaviti
aktivnu mukoznu imunost. Stoga je oralno cijepljenje prasadi protiv F4 i F18 ETEC-a održiv, praktičan i učinkovit
pristup u pronalaženju odgovarajućega bivalentnog, izrazito imunogenog i sigurnog cjepiva.
Sažetak
Istraživana je učestalost onečišćenja goveđih i svinjskih trupova (n=200) enterobakterijama (Escherichia coli i Salmonella spp.) u
velikoj klaonici u Republici Hrvatskoj. Salmonella vrste ...nisu utvrđene u brisovima s trupova goveda i svinja, dok je 4% trupova go-
veda i svinja bilo onečišćeno bakterijom E. coli. Provedenim istraživanjem je utvrđeno da je učinkovitost postupaka u dokazivanju
onečišćenja vrlo dobra i pruža visoku zaštitu potrošača. Jednako tako dokazana je visoka učinkovitost propisanog mikrobiološkog
monitoringa u rutinskom higijenskom programu u klaonici.
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