Drought events are of great importance in most Mediterranean climate regions because of the diverse and costly impacts they have in various economic sectors and on the environment. The effects of ...this natural hazard on rainfed crops are particularly evident. In this study the impacts of drought on two representative rainfed crops in Spain (wheat and barley) were assessed. As the agriculture sector is vulnerable to climate, it is especially important to identify the most appropriate tools for monitoring the impact of the weather on crops, and particularly the impact of drought. Drought indices are the most effective tool for that purpose. Various drought indices have been used to assess the influence of drought on crop yields in Spain, including the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Palmer drought indices (Palmer Drought Severity Index, PDSI; Palmer Z Index, Z Index; Palmer Hydrological Drought Index, PHDI; Palmer Modified Drought Index, PMDI), and the Standardized Palmer Drought Index (SPDI). Two sets of crop yield data at different spatial scales and temporal periods were used in the analysis. The results showed that drought indices calculated at different timescales (SPI, SPEI) most closely correlated with crop yield. The results also suggested that different patterns of yield response to drought occurred depending on the region, period of the year, and the drought timescale. The differing responses across the country were related to season and the magnitude of various climate variables.
Summary
Fusaric acid (FA) is amongst the oldest identified secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium species, known for a long time to display strong phytotoxicity and moderate toxicity to animal ...cells; however, the cellular targets of FA and its function in fungal pathogenicity remain unknown. Here, we investigated the role of FA in Fusarium oxysporum, a soil‐borne cross‐kingdom pathogen that causes vascular wilt on more than 100 plant species and opportunistic infections in humans. Targeted deletion of fub1, encoding a predicted orthologue of the polyketide synthase involved in FA biosynthesis in F. verticillioides and F. fujikuroi, abolished the production of FA and its derivatives in F. oxysporum. We further showed that the expression of fub1 was positively controlled by the master regulator of secondary metabolism LaeA and the alkaline pH regulator PacC through the modulation of chromatin accessibility at the fub1 locus. FA exhibited strong phytotoxicity on tomato plants, which was rescued by the exogenous supply of copper, iron or zinc, suggesting a possible function of FA as a chelating agent of these metal ions. Importantly, the severity of vascular wilt symptoms on tomato plants and the mortality of immunosuppressed mice were significantly reduced in fub1Δ mutants and fully restored in the complemented strains. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the regulation and mode of action of FA, as well as on the function of this phytotoxin during the infection process of F. oxysporum.
Fretting fatigue is a surface damage phenomenon appearing in mechanical contacts subjected to time variable contact forces. Typical features of fretting fatigue include: wear, oxidation, high stress ...concentration and non-proportional loading. The high stresses near the surface produce a rapid initiation of cracks. Among the different fretting fatigue palliatives, one of the most common is shot peening. This treatment introduces high compressive residual stresses near the surface that retard the initiation of cracks, but it also changes the microstructure and surface roughness. These residual stresses relax with the number of loading cycles. This paper experimentally studies the influence of the residual stresses and the surface condition on fretting fatigue life. To this end, in this work it is analysed the residual stress relaxation produced in fretting fatigue tests due to cycling loading. On the other hand, the effect produced by the characteristic shot peening surface roughness, is analysed by means of a series of tests in which surface's fretting test specimens are polished. In addition, experimental results obtained with fretting fatigue test specimens having a surface roughness resembling that obtained with shot peening, but without residual stress, and tests done with shot peened contact pads, are presented. In all cases, contact surfaces and fretting cracks are analysed in order to understand its fretting fatigue behaviour. Finally, a fatigue life model previously developed by the authors, but including the residual stress relaxation, is applied to the different set of tests obtaining good results. The paper concludes that shot peening greatly increases fatigue life, mainly for high-cycle fatigue. This improvement can be explained mainly through the stress distribution, with little influence of surface roughness.
•The fretting behaviour of shot peened Al 7075-T651 test specimens is experimentally analysed.•The residual stability of the residual stress during fretting tests is analysed, both experimentally and numerically.•A series of tests are carried out in order to study the shot peening induced surface roughness effect on fretting fatigue.•A fatigue life model, incorporating the shot peening residual stresses, is used to predict fretting fatigue life in tests.
El presente texto propone un recorrido sobre problemáticas teóricas, metodológicas y analíticas de Historia Político-Intelectual para la discusión acerca de los intelectuales liberal-conservadores y ...las derechas en la Argentina. Se ordena en cuatro segmentos: una introducción al tema, un abordaje a la Historia Político-Intelectual, una mirada sobre tiempo, espacio y categorías, y una nota final a modo de conclusión. En él se discute, centralmente, a la luz de un proyecto de investigación doctoral y de posteriores indagaciones en temas vinculados a él.
TRIM25 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase enzyme that is involved in various cellular processes, including regulation of the innate immune response against viruses. TRIM25-mediated ubiquitination of the ...cytosolic pattern recognition receptor RIG-I is an essential step for initiation of the intracellular antiviral response and has been thoroughly documented. In recent years, however, additional roles of TRIM25 in early innate immunity are emerging, including negative regulation of RIG-I, activation of the melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5-mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein-TRAF6 antiviral axis and modulation of p53 levels and activity. In addition, the ability of TRIM25 to bind RNA may uncover new mechanisms by which this molecule regulates intracellular signaling and/or RNA virus replication.
El artículo analiza cómo la revista liberal-conservadora argentina El Burgués (1971-1973) presentó las cuestiones de género, familia y cambio generacional. La publicación se presentó buscando dar ...centralidad a la identidad liberal en diálogo con pautas de otras expresiones de derechas, utilizando criterios del nuevo periodismo y apelando al humor irónico. Si la imposibilidad de asentar un modelo político posperonista en el mundo de la guerra fría definió las inquietudes políticas del quincenario, los cambios de “los largos años sesenta” fueron centrales en su mirada sobre los ejes de este artículo, que redundaron en una lectura política de los fenómenos de índole social y cultural.
We aimed to estimate the prevalence of current depressive disorder in 27 European countries, and to explore differences in prevalence between European countries and by gender.
In this ...population-based study, we analysed data from respondents living in 27 European countries who were included in the second wave of the European Health Interview Survey, collected between 2013 and 2015. We assessed the prevalence of current depressive disorder using the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), with depressive disorder defined as a PHQ-8 score of 10 or higher. Prevalence estimates and 95% CIs were calculated for all 27 countries overall and for each country individually. We assessed variation in prevalence (country vs the rest of Europe) using crude and adjusted prevalence ratios obtained from negative binomial regression models. We did all analyses for the total sample and stratified by gender.
Our analysis sample comprised 258 888 individuals, of whom 117 310 (weighted proportion 47·8%) were men and 141 578 (52·2%) were women. The overall prevalence of current depressive disorder was 6·38% (95% CI 6·24–6·52) with important variation across countries, ranging from 2·58% (2·14–3·02) in the Czech Republic to 10·33% (9·33–11·32) in Iceland. Prevalence was higher in women (7·74% 7·53–7·95) than in men (4·89% 4·71–5·08), with clear gender differences for all countries except Finland and Croatia. Compared with the other European countries in our sample, those with the highest adjusted prevalence ratios were Germany (1·80 1·71–1·89) and Luxembourg (1·50 1·35–1·66), and those with the lowest adjusted prevalence ratios were Slovakia (0·28 0·24–0·33) and the Czech Republic (0·32 0·27–0·38).
Depressive disorders, although common across Europe, vary substantially in prevalence between countries. These results could be a baseline for monitoring the prevalence of current depressive disorder both at a country level in Europe and for planning health-care resources and services.
UK Medical Research Council and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP).
Night shift work, exposure to light at night (ALAN) and circadian disruption may increase the risk of hormone-dependent cancers.
We evaluated the association of exposure to ALAN during sleeping time ...with breast and prostate cancer in a population based multicase-control study (MCC-Spain), among subjects who had never worked at night. We evaluated chronotype, a characteristic that may relate to adaptation to light at night.
We enrolled 1,219 breast cancer cases, 1,385 female controls, 623 prostate cancer cases, and 879 male controls from 11 Spanish regions in 2008-2013. Indoor ALAN information was obtained through questionnaires. Outdoor ALAN was analyzed using images from the International Space Station (ISS) available for Barcelona and Madrid for 2012-2013, including data of remotely sensed upward light intensity and blue light spectrum information for each geocoded longest residence of each MCC-Spain subject.
Among Barcelona and Madrid participants with information on both indoor and outdoor ALAN, exposure to outdoor ALAN in the blue light spectrum was associated with breast cancer adjusted odds ratio (OR) for highest vs. lowest tertile, OR=1.47; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.17 and prostate cancer (OR=2.05; 95% CI: 1.38, 3.03). In contrast, those exposed to the highest versus lowest intensity of outdoor ALAN were more likely to be controls than cases, particularly for prostate cancer. Compared with those who reported sleeping in total darkness, men who slept in "quite illuminated" bedrooms had a higher risk of prostate cancer (OR=2.79; 95% CI: 1.55, 5.04), whereas women had a slightly lower risk of breast cancer (OR=0.77; 95% CI: 0.39, 1.51).
Both prostate and breast cancer were associated with high estimated exposure to outdoor ALAN in the blue-enriched light spectrum. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1837.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
CEKLJ, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
During the decades when the cold war divided the world map between areas of American and Soviet influence, Latin America was a point of special conflict. Although a dynamic characteristic of the cold ...conflict distinguished how regional peculiarities were expressed in a fresh layout of government instability, civic-military conspiracies, controversies between (and within) the left and the right or frustrated integral development searches one and again, the archetypal images of the cold war at times overlapped with broader planes and for others presented authentic autoconclusive maps. Kaleidoscope that can be turned from country to country, on states and societies, in a macro and micro way, the development of the stage as it has recently begun to reverse makes it possible to complicate the hardest visions that dominated precursor studies, without losing consciousness structural contribution.
Durante las décadas en que la guerra fría dividió el mapamundi entre zonas de influencia estadounidense y soviética, América Latina fue un punto de especial conflictividad. Si bien una dinámica propiamente característica del conflicto frío distinguió cómo se expresaron las peculiaridades regionales en un fresco trazado por inestabilidad gubernamental, conspiraciones cívico-militares, polémicas entre (y al interior de) las izquierdas y las derechas o búsquedas de desarrollo integral frustradas una y otra vez, las imágenes arquetípicas de la guerra fría por momentos se superpusieron con planos más amplios y por otros presentaron auténticos mapas autoconclusivos. Caleidoscopio que puede girarse de país a país, sobre los Estados y las sociedades, de modo macro y micro, el desarrollo de la etapa tal como ha comenzado a reverse recientemente permite complejizar las visiones más duras que dominaron los estudios precursores, sin perder el sentido estructural que aportaron.
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