The Toluca Valley is located on the high plains of Mexico, where there are significant industrial zones and large populations. Water needs are almost exclusively met by groundwater, which has brought ...about intense exploitation of the aquifer and indication of some contamination. The present study investigates the effect of urbanization, related to industrialization of the region, on groundwater in the central portion of the Toluca Valley aquifer—a zone with high population density and where the largest industrial park is located. A general decline in the groundwater level has been found over the years, at a rate of as much as 2.5 m/year. The appearance of a large drawdown cone was identified, indicating changes in the direction of groundwater flow. Also identified was the presence of several ground fissures, the location of which coincided with the drawdown cone. In hydrochemical terms, the water type is sodium-magnesium bicarbonate and this characteristic has not changed over time, although it has been possible to detect the presence of larger quantities of sulfates (up to 117 mg/L) and nitrates (up to 47 mg/L) in recent years, likely associated with contamination from industrial and urban wastewater. Factor analysis made it possible to identify ions that would characterize natural processes involving the acquisition of salts (HCO₃ ⁻, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, and Si), as well as anthropic activities (SO₄ ²⁻, NO₃ ⁻, Cl⁻, Ca²⁺, and K⁺).
Idiopathic achalasia is a disease of unknown etiology. The loss of myenteric plexus associated with inflammatory infiltrates and autoantibodies support the hypothesis of an autoimmune mechanism. ...Thirty-two patients diagnosed by high-resolution manometry with achalasia were included. Twenty-six specimens from lower esophageal sphincter muscle were compared with 5 esophagectomy biopsies (control). Immunohistochemical (biopsies) and flow cytometry (peripheral blood) analyses were performed. Circulating anti-myenteric autoantibodies were evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence. Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection was determined by in situ hybridization, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Histopathological analysis showed capillaritis (51%), plexitis (23%), nerve hypertrophy (16%), venulitis (7%), and fibrosis (3%). Achalasia tissue exhibited an increase in the expression of proteins involved in extracellular matrix turnover, apoptosis, proinflammatory and profibrogenic cytokines, and Tregs and Bregs versus controls ( P < 0.001 ). Circulating Th22/Th17/Th2/Th1 percentage showed a significant increase versus healthy donors ( P < 0.01 ). Type III achalasia patients exhibited the highest inflammatory response versus types I and II. Prevalence of both anti-myenteric antibodies and HSV-1 infection in achalasia patients was 100% versus 0% in controls. Our results suggest that achalasia is a disease with an important local and systemic inflammatory autoimmune component, associated with the presence of specific anti-myenteric autoantibodies, as well as HSV-1 infection.
Food polyphenols are able to selectively modify the growth of susceptible micro-organisms. Wine is a good source of polyphenols and thus, the moderate consumption of this beverage can lead to the ...modulation of both oral and gut microbiota. This review aims to bring together the knowledge acquired concerning the potential effects of wine polyphenols on human microbiota, as well as taking into account the ability of bacteria to metabolize these compounds. Red wine phenolic composition, characterized by the occurrence of flavan-3-ols, flavonols, anthocyanins, hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, stilbenes and phenolic alcohols as the main phenolic compounds, will determine the microbiota-modulating effects of wine consumption. Moreover, although the same bacterial genera can be found in oral and gut ecosystems, their relative amount is different, which can influence the metabolic transformations of wine polyphenols. Taking all this into account, the potential implications of these studies on human microbiota are finally discussed together with perspective and future research trends in this field.
Background and ImportanceThe combination of cabotegravir and rilpivirine (C/R) is the first commercialised long-acting injectable for treating HIV-1. Real-life data in Spain is still scarce.Aim and ...ObjectivesTo analyse the effectiveness and safety of patients treated with C/R in a tertiary hospital.Material and MethodsA descriptive observational study of patients treated with C/R from 1 February 2023 (date of inclusion in the Hospital Drug Guide) until 31 August 2023 in a tertiary hospital. All patients on an oral regimen and with an undetectable viral load (VL) were included. Those that came from the pivotal trials were excluded. Effectiveness was measured as the percentage of patients who remained with undetectable VL on 24 September 2023. To measure safety, the adverse reactions (AR) recorded in the electronic medical records were reviewed.ResultsOne hundred and seventy-five patients were included: 156 cis-men (89%), 18 cis-women (10%) and one trans-woman (1%), with a median age of 45 years (IQR=36–57). The most common prior treatments were bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (48%) and dolutegravir/lamivudine (23%). One hundred and thirty-seven patients had at least one analysis since the first administration, 15 had two, and the rest had no analysis since the first administration of C/R. Only two patients (1.1%) had detectable VL in their first analysis (log 1.64 and 1.74), but in both, a new analysis was done at 29 and 7 days, respectively, and again had undetectable VL.The most prevalent AR was pain at the administration site (53.0%), followed by diarrhoea (2.2%), fatigue (1.7%), pyrexia (1.7%), headache (1.7%), and induration (0.6%). The rest of the patients (39.1%) did not present any AR. Two patients (1.1%) discontinued treatment due to AR, one due to pain at the site of administration and another due to fatigue and weight loss DS1 . The duration of AR had a median of 2 days, and all of them resolved within 7 days of administration.Conclusion and RelevanceThe intramuscular association of cabotegravir and rilpivirine effectively maintains VL supressed and it is safe. The most reported adverse reaction is pain at the injection site.References and/or AcknowledgementsConflict of InterestNo conflict of interest.
Golf courses represent an agricultural activity wherein grass is intensively cultivated using large quantities of fertilizers. In the present study, nitrogen and phosphorus leaching was analyzed over ...two years in an experimental green under actual field conditions. The green contained four plots with distinct amendments (P1: hydrogel + peat, P2: peat, P3: hydrogel, and P4: no amendment). The applied doses of nitrogen ranged from 5 to 103 kg/ha and of phosphorus from 9 to 31 kg/ha. The irrigation level varied as a function of the rainfall regime and the water requirements of grass; overall water intake varied from 1550 to 2080 mm/year. Daily, leached water volume was calculated, and samples were taken for chemical analysis. Nitrogen and phosphorus mass balances were calculated for different periods based on the collected data.
The plot amended with peat and hydrogel (P1) had reduced water flow; the percentage of drainage water varied from 8.4 to 29%. As a result, the dissolution and leaching of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were the lowest in comparison to the other plots. According to the calculated mass balances, the lowest leaching values were also recorded in this plot (P1), ranging from 0.5 to 6.3% for N and from 0.8 to 20.9% for P. The plot without amendment (P4) drained the most water (25.9–44.8%) and leached the highest quantities of N and P, ranging from 9.1–45.7%, and 6–35.9%, respectively. The use of double amendments (hydrogel and peat) therefore represented optimal operating conditions for the green. Moreover, a relationship was found between increasing rates of fertilization and increasing percentages of N and P leaching as well as between higher irrigation levels and greater leaching.
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•Hydrogel amendment reduces N and P leaching as well as water percolation.•Peat amendment does not impact the percentage of leached N.•The largest amount of N and P leached is detected in the plot no amendment.•A larger irrigation rate (>10 mm) favors leaching of N and P, and water percolation.
High uptake of HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) testing in Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) is needed to interrupt transmission. The objective was to identify subgroups with ...increased probability of lack of testing among HIV-negative GBMSM in Spain. Cross-sectional study including 3486 HIV-negative GBMSM attending prevention facilities in Madrid and Barcelona, 2018–2020. Data came from self-administered online sociodemographic, health, and risk behaviors questionnaires. Outcomes were lack of HCV (lifetime) and HIV (lifetime, last year) testing. Crude and adjusted prevalences and prevalence ratios were assessed for each outcome using negative binomial regression models. Lifetime lack of HIV and HCV testing prevalence was 6.3% and 35.8%, respectively, while lack of HIV testing in the last year was 22.4%. Prevalences were also substantial in GBMSM with high-risk behaviors. After sociodemographic adjustment, the highest probability of lack of HCV testing (lifetime) and HIV (last year) was among GBMSM with insufficient viral hepatitis knowledge, no history of STI, or HCV (or HIV) testing, aged < 25, non-outness about sex life with men, and less high-risk behaviors. Lack of HCV (lifetime) and HIV testing (last year) among HIV-negative GBMSM in Spain is still high, despite high-risk behaviors.
A new determination of the molar gas constant was performed from measurements of the speed of sound in argon at the triple point of water and extrapolation to zero pressure. A new resonant cavity was ...used. This is a triaxial ellipsoid whose walls are gold-coated steel and which is divided into two identical halves that are bolted and sealed with an O-ring. Microwave and electroacoustic traducers are located in the northern and southern parts of the cavity, respectively, so that measurements of microwave and acoustic frequencies are carried out in the same experiment. Measurements were taken at pressures from 600 kPa to 60 kPa and at 273.16 K. The internal equivalent radius of the cavity was accurately determined by microwave measurements and the first four radial symmetric acoustic modes were simultaneously measured and used to calculate the speed of sound. The improvements made using the new cavity have reduced by half the main contributions to the uncertainty due to the radius determination using microwave measurements which amounts to 4.7 parts in 106 and the acoustic measurements, 4.4 parts in 106, where the main contribution (3.7 parts in 106) is the relative excess half-widths associated with the limit of our acoustic model, compared with our previous measurements. As a result of all the improvements with the new cavity and the measurements performed, we determined the molar gas constant R = (8.314 449 ± 0.000 056) J · K−1 · mol−1 which corresponds to a relative standard uncertainty of 6.7 parts in 106. The value reported in this paper lies −1.3 parts in 106 below the recommended value of CODATA 2014, although still within the range consistent with it.
4CPS-236 Loss to follow-up factors of people living with HIV Vélez-Díaz-Pallarés, M; Montero Llorente, B; Parro Martín, MÁ ...
European journal of hospital pharmacy. Science and practice,
03/2023, Letnik:
30, Številka:
Suppl 1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Background and ImportanceLoss of adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART) is one of the leading causes of virological failure in people living with HIV (PLWHIV). Lack of adherence is associated ...with a loss of follow-up by the health system, particularly in the Pharmacy Department.Aim and ObjectivesTo identify factors in PLWHIV which cause their follow-up to fail by the Pharmacy Department.Material and MethodsCase-control study conducted in a tertiary hospital which attends 3,000 PLWHIV. Patients who had run out of medication for more than one month, according to pharmacy registrations between September 2020 and September 2021, were identified and named after cases if the reason to not come to the Pharmacy were not justified (death, hospital transfer, inclusion in a clinical trial, etc.). We conducted a case-control study (1:4), and cases were matched according to age ( 5 years) and date of the last dispensation.Statistical analysis was performed using the STATA 17.0 program (StataCorp LLC). All models were performed univariately, and a p<0.05 was considered significant.Variables studied were: gender, age, region of birth, studies, stable housing, route of HIV transmission, CD4 nadir, years after diagnostic, type of ART, years on ART, stage, adverse effects to ART, number of lines of treatment, pharmacy registrations of adherence, alcohol use, drug use, and psychiatric problems. Data were obtained from the clinical databaseResultsSixty-one cases were identified and matched with 244 controls. Statistical differences were found in gender, where cis-man have an OR=4.5 (CI95% 1.0−19.6,p=0.047) and trans-man have an OR=23.9 (CI 95% 2.9−195.8,p=0.003) in comparison with women, and region where Latin-American have an OR=2.7 (CI 95% 1.3−5.6, p=0.008). Patients who fail to adhere to treatment according to the records in Pharmacy have an OR=0.04 (CI 95% 0.01−0.11, p=0.000) and patients who are alcoholics or drug abusers, have an OR=3.24 (CI 95% 1.30−8.04, p=0.011) and an OR=2.01 (CI 95% 1.03-3.93, p=0.039), respectively.Conclusion and RelevanceClinicians should pay special attention to cis or trans-men, Latin Americans, historic bad adherence registrations by pharmacists and alcoholic or drug abusers who are more prone to losing follow-up in their treatments. This enhances the importance of multidisciplinary team approach to these patients. Clinical, pharmacist and nurse interventions and information registration are crucial to identify these patients.References and/or AcknowledgementsConflict of InterestNo conflict of interest
The collection of samples from HIV-infected patients is the beginning of the chain of translational research. To carry out quality research that could eventually end in a personalized treatment for ...HIV, it is essential to guarantee the availability, quality and traceability of samples, under a strict system of quality management.
The Spanish HIV BioBank was created with the objectives of processing, storing and providing distinct samples from HIV/AIDS patients, categorized according to strictly defined characteristics, free of charge to research projects. Strict compliance to ethical norms is always guaranteed.
At the moment, the HIV BioBank possesses nearly 50,000 vials containing different prospective longitudinal study sample types. More than 1,700 of these samples are now used in 19 national and international research projects.
The HIV BioBank represents a novel approach to HIV research that might be of general interest not only for basic and clinical research teams working on HIV, but also for those groups trying to establish large networks focused on research on specific clinical problems. It also represents a model to stimulate cooperative research among large numbers of research groups working as a network on specific clinical problems. The main objective of this article is to show the structure and function of the HIV BioBank that allow it to very efficiently release samples to different research project not only in Spain but also in other countries.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and lower quality of life. It is a complex syndrome, in ...which inflammation and retention of uremic toxins are two main factors. Causes of inflammation and uremic toxin retention in CKD are multiple; however, gut dysbiosis plays an important role, serving as a link between those entities and PEW. Besides, there are several pathways by which microbiota may influence PEW, e.g., through effects on appetite mediated by microbiota-derived proteins and hormonal changes, or by impacting skeletal muscle via a gut-muscle axis. Hence, microbiota disturbances may influence PEW independently of its relationship with local and systemic inflammation. A better understanding of the complex interrelationships between microbiota and the host may help to explain how changes in the gut affect distant organs and systems of the body and could potentially lead to the development of new strategies targeting the microbiota to improve nutrition and clinical outcomes in CKD patients. In this review, we describe possible interactions of gut microbiota with nutrient metabolism, energy balance, hunger/satiety signals and muscle depletion, all of which are strongly related to PEW in CKD patients.
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